Manje kungahle kubonakale kungathandeki, kepha abesifazane baqala ukuthatha amanyuvesi kuphela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XIX. Izikhungo zokuqala zemfundo eziphakeme kakhulu lapho kwakufundwa khona amakolishi aseMelika ekuqaleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka ngaphambi kokugcina. Ngaphambi kwalapho, owesifazane osendaweni yaseyunivesithi kwakuyinto eyodwa. Ngemuva kwe-American, abesifazane baqala ukuthatha amayunivesithi e-UK, emazweni aseScandinavia, uMbuso WaseRussia naseRomania. EJalimane, eFrance, eBrazil naseChile, lokhu kwenzeka kancane kamuva.
EPoland, eyunivesithi yokuqala eyavula iminyango yabafundi yiyona ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Flying University. Yakheke kusuka ezifundweni zabesifazane ezingaphansi komhlaba ezibanjwe amafulethi e-WarPracy Warsaw kusuka ku-1882 kuya ku-1885. Lapho-ke izifundo zihlanganiswe kwikharikhulamu yonke ngemali ekhokhwa njalo ngenyanga yokuqeqeshwa kusuka kuma-ruble ama-2 kuye kwayi-4. Ukuqeqeshwa kwathatha iminyaka eyi-6, kukhona imininingwane yokuthi kube khona nje kwenyuvesi ezindizayo, sekuqediwe abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-5. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ubuntu obudumile njengeNobel Laureate yesikhathi esizayo kaMaria Skododovskaya-Curie noYanush Korchak.
Noma kunjalo, ukwakheka okusemthethweni kukaMaria SkodoodovSkaya kwadingeka athole eFrance. I-University of Yagellonan ePoland, ngaleso sikhathi, eyayisensimini ephathelene ne-Austria-Hungary, yaqala ukuthatha abesifazane ukuba bayifunde kusukela ngo-1894.
E-Russia, abesifazane babekwazi ukubheka amadoda ukuze batadishe emanyuvesi okuthiwa bantu, kodwa ngokuya ngemininingwane yezibalo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iphesenti labesifazane phakathi kwabalaleli lalilincane - akukho ngaphezu kwe-10%.
Ngisho nangemva kokubekwa okuhlelekile kwezimo zokwenza ubulili bobabili, indlela eya kokulingana kwabesifazane eSayensi yayinde. Ngokubonisana no "UMathewu umphumela" kwisayensi echazwe yi-American Melika uRobert Merton (The Phenomenon wokusatshalaliswa kwezinzuzo ezingekho emzuzwini: Kuzokwanda okuningi, futhi lokhu kuzokwanda, futhi kuncishisiwe Ngo-1993 igama elithi "Umphumela weMatilda" wethulwa ngo-1993. Ukubandlululwa kwabesifazane endaweni yesayensi. Leli gama liphakamise i-Margaret Rositer, isazi-mlando sesayensi esivela e-United States, ukuhlonipha i-Matilda Gage edumile, eyaqala ukuphakamisa isihloko sokubandlululwa kwabesifazane. Kunezibonelo eziningi lapho umnikelo wabesifazane ocwaningweni lwesayensi wawungaziswanga. Owaziwa kakhulu kubo ucwaningo oluhlangene lwezazi zomzimba, unikeze umklomelo kaNobel, othole uGeorge WIPLU nozakwabo besilisa ababili, yize wonke umsebenzi wakhe wenziwa kubaphathi be-FRIEDA Rushest Robbins.
Futhi yize manje lesi simo ngokubamba iqhaza kwabesifazane enqubweni yezemfundo nasekusebenzeni kwesayensi kuhlukile esikhathini lapho amayunithi abafundi angangena emanyuvesi, kepha kukhona okuveza ukuthi izifundo zenhlalo zibonisa kanjani. Thatha i-Poland efanayo: Phakathi kwabafundi bezinga lokuqala lemfundo ephakeme - iziqu zangaphansi - abesifazane bakha phakathi kwabafundi bezifundo zobudokotela, futhi noma ngabe amaphesenti ososayensi babesifazane asevele engaphansi. Ukuze intuthuko evumelanayo yesayensi kanye nomphakathi wonke, umsebenzi wanamuhla ukuthola ukulingana kwamathuba abesifazane kuzo zonke izindawo. Kuze kube manje, ePoland, inhlangano "amantombazane eSayensi" yadalwa ePoland njengenhlangano yokubambisana kwesayensi kusuka emanyutheni okubuka ezokwelapha, isisekelo sososayensi abasebasha kanye nenhlangano yabafundi baseBought kanye neNyunyana yabafundi baseBought. yamanyuvesi ezobuchwepheshe. Bafuna ukuguqula isimo sezindaba zamanje lapho owesifazane ePoland ephakathi kwabanikazi beziqu zobudokotela futhi bangu-10% kuphela phakathi koprofesa ensimini yesayensi yezobuchwepheshe.
Kusho ukuthini izibalo zaseRussia? Phakathi kwenani eliphelele labafundi ezinhlanganweni zobungcweti ezifeza ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi abanamakhono kanye nabasebenzi, isilinganiso sabantu abathola iziqu - abafundi abathweswe iziqu kanye nabafundi beziqu zabafundi nabasebenza ngodokotela naphakathi kwabesifazane (idatha yango-2014). Ngokusho kwabafundi kanye nodokotela besayensi, izibalo azikho ngaphansi kwe-acoquent: 41:59 esikhundleni sabesilisa phakathi kwabaqokiwe kanye nama-25: 75 phakathi kodokotela besayensi. Futhi lokhu kusezweni elaziwa ngososayensi bawo abavelele! Ngicabanga ukuthi le ngenye imbangela yokugeleza kwezingqondo zesayensi ezindaweni zakwamanye amazwe. Yisikhathi semiphakathi yezesayensi yaseRussia eshiya ngokuqinile izinkinga zokungalingani ngokobulili kwisayensi nezemfundo.
I-Ekaterina Mikhalevich, usomabhizinisi, inhloko ye-International Education of StudentPol