Noneho birasa nkaho bidasanzwe, ariko abagore batangiye gufata muri kaminuza gusa mugice cya kabiri cya XIX. Ibigo byambere byamashuri makuru yo mumashuri makuru yabanyamerika yize mu ntangiriro yikinyejana mbere yicyanyuma. Mbere yaho, umugore wo muri kaminuza yari ikintu kimwe. Nyuma y'Abanyamerika, abagore batangiye gufata kaminuza mu Bwongereza, ibihugu bya Scandinaviya, Ingoma y'Uburusiya na Romania. Mu Budage, Ubufaransa, Burezili na Chili, ibi byabaye nyuma gato.
Muri Polonye, muri kaminuza ya mbere yafunguye imiryango y'abanyeshuri ni kaminuza yitwa Sulding. Yakozwe mu masomo y'abagore yo mu kuzimu afungiye ku nzu ya Warsaw yo mu migambi ukomoka mu 1882 kugeza 1885. Noneho amasomo yahujwe na gahunda rusange hamwe namahugurwa yukwezi kumahugurwa ya 2 kugeza kuri 4. Amahugurwa yamaze imyaka 6, hari amakuru arimo gusa muri kaminuza yo kuguruka, abanyeshuri barenga ibihumbi 5 barangije. Muri bo harimo imico izwi cyane nk'ejo hazaza h'ubutatiro bwa Maria Sklodovskaya-curie na yanush korchak.
Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, gushiraho kumugaragaro Maria Sklodovskaya yagombaga guhabwa mu Bufaransa. Muri kaminuza ya Yager muri Polonye, icyo gihe, cyari mu ifasi ijyanye na Otirishiya-Hongiriya, yatangiye gufata abagore kwiga kuva mu 1894.
Mu Burusiya, abagore bashoboraga kuba bari kumwe n'abagabo kwiga mu bitabiriye kaminuza z'abantu, ahubwo bakurikije amakuru y'ibarurishamibare mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, ijanisha ry'abagore mu bateze amatwi ryari rito - bitarenze 10%.
Ndetse na nyuma yo kugereranya byemewe n'imiterere y'intangiriro y'ibitsina byombi, inzira igana ku buringanire bw'abagore muri siyansi yari ndende. Kugereranya na "ngaruka" muri siyanse yasobanuwe n'umuhuzabikorwa w'Abanyamerika Morbert Gorton (ibintu bitatanzwe, ibyo biziyongera, kandi ibyambuweho, no kwamburwa), muri 1993 Ijambo "Ingaruka ya Matilda" ryatangijwe mu 1993. Ivangura ry'abagore mu bumenyi. Ijambo risabwa Rositer ya Margaret, umuhanga mu by'amateka wa siyansi yaturutse muri Amerika, mu rwego rwo guha icyubahiro Gage ya Magil azwi Matilda, wa mbere yazamuye ivangura rikorerwa abagore muri siyansi. Hariho ingero nyinshi mugihe umusanzu wumugore mubushakashatsi bwa siyansi ntabwo yarashimiwe. Icyamamare muribo ni ubushakashatsi bwimikorere ya physiologiste, bwahaye igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel, wabonye George Wiplu na bagenzi be b'ibitabo, nubwo imirimo ye yose y'abagabo, nubwo imirimo ye yose yakozwe mu majwi hamwe na Frieda yahise.
Kandi nubwo ubu ikibazo cyuruhare rwabagore muburyo bwo kwigisha no mubikorwa bya siyansi biratandukanye nigihe imitwe yabanyeshuri yashoboraga kwinjira muri kaminuza, nyamara hariho ikintu cyo guharanira uko ubushakashatsi bwangiza. Fata muri Polonye imwe: Mu banyeshuri ba mbere y'urwego rukuru rw'amashuri makuru - Partraduate - Abagore bagize 60%, kandi barimo kandi mu banyeshuri bo mu bushakashatsi bw'ibihengakuru, kandi nyamara ijanisha ry'abahanga mu bahanga mu zabagore rimaze kuba rike cyane. Kuburyo bwo guteza imbere siyanse na societe muri rusange, umurimo wa none ni ukugera kuburinganire byamahirwe kubagore mubice byose. Kugira ngo ibyo bishoboke, muri Polonye, umuryango "Abakobwa muri Poroya" bashinzwe muri Polonye nk'ishyirahamwe ry'ubufatanye bwa siyansi kuva mu kigega cy'uburezi na virusine deficial, Urufatiro rw'abanyeshuri bakuru ya kaminuza tekinike. Bashaka guhindura uko ibintu bimeze ubu mugihe umugore wo muri Polonye ari 23% mubibazo bya dogiteri kandi 10% gusa mubarimu murwego rwa siyansi ya tekinike.
Imibare y'Uburusiya ivuga iki? Mubarwa benshi mu miryango yabigize umwuga bakora imyitozo y'abakozi babahanga n'abakozi, igipimo ntabwo gishyigikiye abagore: 32 k 68. Abanyeshuri barangije n'abanyeshuri n'abashinzwe impanuka nabo mu bagore (amakuru yo muri 2014). Nk'uko abakandida n'abaganga ba siyanse, imibare ntabwo ari byiza: 41:59 bashyigikiye abagabo mu bakandida na 25:75 mu baganga ba siyansi. Kandi ibi biri mu gihugu cy'abahanga ba byabo b'indashyikirwa z'abagore! Ntekereza ko iyi ariyindi mpamvu itera imitekerereze yubumenyi mumahanga yubuhanga. Igihe kirageze kandi Uburusiya bwa siyansi yatererana cyane ibibazo byubusumbane bwuburinganire muri siyansi no kwiga.
Ekaterina Mikhalevich, rwiyemezamirimo, umuyobozi w'inyigisho mpuzamahanga z'abanyeshuri