Akulula ukuba ngumfazi-ngakumbi ukuba uhlala kwixesha le-Xix-Xx kwiinkulungwane kwaye uphupha ngento, ukongeza kulonwabo lokuba ngumfazi nonina. UMaria sklodovskaya-curie kuphela kommeli we-France ehlabathini, owawuphindaphindiweyo ibhaso likaNobel ngegalelo lakhe kuphuhliso lwesayensi. "Umama weFiziksi ye-radious" Aphawule imbali, kodwa ngaxesha lithile waba lixhoba lezinto zikawonke-wonke, ezazingafuni ukumqonda kakuhle.
Ubuntwana bobuntwana baseMaria babonisa umdla kunye nomnqweno wokufunda. Kwaye ayimangalisi. Kwazalwa ngonyaka we-1867 eWarsaw, kwintsapho yePolish ootitshala ePoland Vladislav sklodovsky kunye ne-bronislav bogunskaya. Utata wafundisa i-physics, kwaye umama wakhe wayephethe isikhundla somphathi weGymnasium, kodwa emva koko wanyanzelwa ukuba ashiye iposti yakhe ngenxa yokugula. Wasweleka esiphelweni xa uMariya wayeneminyaka engafaniyo. Kungekudala udade osele enguSophia naye wasweleka. Kwindawo engathandekiyo kaBawo yagxothwa ngenxa yombono wakhe wokuchasana nombuso, kwaye wanyanzeleka ukuba aphazamise umsebenzi ohlawulelwayo ohlawulelwayo. Ezi ziganeko zakhokelela ekubeni uMaria waphulukana nokholo kuThixo. Ngokuchasene noko, umnqweno wokuqonda umhlaba kwaye ngokwendalo ucacisa izibonakaliso zayo ziphucule inzala yawo kwisayensi.
I-sklodowsky yayinokuthandana kakhulu kwizazinzulu, nasekhaya babehlala behleli. Ke, i-Dmittra Mendeleev, eyoko, intombazana le ichitha iimvavanyo elabhoratri, wathi: "Ewe, iya kuba ngu-chemist obalaseleyo!". I-Gymnasium Maria iphumelele ngembasa yegolide. Nangona kunjalo, uqeqesho olungaphezulu eyunivesithi lwathandabuza: ukubakho kokufumana imfundo ephezulu kwabasetyhini kwiphondo lase-windows, eyayiyinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRussia, babenqunyelwe. Kwiminyaka eliqela, uMaria waya kwiindawo eziphantsi kwezomkhosi zabasetyhini abaphantsi kwemfundo, ebizwa ngokuba yiYunivesithi yaseDlung. Kwaye isebenza njengerhuluneli ukuba iqokelele imali yoqeqesho kwisorfontoli yodade osele ekhulile uBronislava. Oko, kwathembisa ukumnceda - babenesivumelwano esinjalo.
UMaria sklodovskaya-curie nosapho
Ifoto: ru.wikipedia.org.
Kwindawo enesityebi, i-sklodovskaya engakhange inikezele ngezifundo ngeBanishuk, kodwa kwaye ngokufihlakeleyo wafundisa abantwana abahle kakhulu ukuba ngelo xesha bachaphazeleka kwaye besoyikisa ngokubhekisele eSiberia. Kodwa intombazana yayingengomntu oqinileyo kuphela, kodwa nentliziyo elungileyo. Ukongeza, yayiyimilovu, i-Smart, ndandisazi indlela yokutsibela, ukuthanda ihashe ukukhwela kunye nemibongo. Akumangalisi ukuba ekwazi ukoyisa iintliziyo zonyana olizibulo, uKazage Zhuravsky, ofika evenkileni kwiholide. Imvakalelo yayikukuhamba, isibini esincinci sibeke ngokugqibeleleyo omnye komnye. Nangona kunjalo, bafundile ngale nto, i-Zhuravsky-dala yaba ngumsindo: Wagcinwa kuMtshakazi onetyala elingenamntu, kwaye ingengawo irhuluneli engalunganga. UKazimierzh akazange afumane ukubachasa intando yabazali. Ihlobo elishushu laphela, kwaye wabuyela ukuze aqhubeke nezifundo zakhe eyunivesithi. EMaria, isiganeko senze umbono oqinileyo. Uye wagqiba kwelokuba abantu abakwazi ukukholwa, kwaye kwileta eya eBronisdava ithi "soze ziphinde zize kuye ebantwini nasezintlangeni."
Uthando kunye chemistry
Ngo-1891, i-heroine yethu ekugqibeleni yakwazi ukuzalisekisa iphupha lakhe kwaye libhalisele eSorbhonne. I-bronasa ngeli xesha itshatile i-porish polish, umfundi wezonyango. Wamema udade ukuba ahlale eflethini, abuthathaka kunye nomyeni wakhe. Nangona kunjalo, uMaria wayengafuni ukuhlawulisa izalamane zakhe kwaye emva kwexesha elithile wagqiba kwelokuba ahambe, esusa igumbi elincinci kwindawo yekota yesiLatin. Kwiyunivesithi ye-sklodovskaya esakhunjulwa njengomnye wabafundi ababhinqileyo abanenzondelelo. Emva kwemini wayebandakanyekile, kwaye ngokuhlwa wasebenza njengomfundisi. Imali enqabileyo yayingabi nakuphi na ukutya, waqhuba iimpahla kwimingxunya. Kanye kwintetho, le ntombazana ibhukuqwa kwilamba elilambileyo.
Kuhambo lomtshato waseMaria noPierre baqhubeka neebhayisikile
Ifoto: ru.wikipedia.org.
Kodwa luphawu olomeleleyo, owayenomdla nguPierre curie kuye. Kwiminyaka yakhe engamashumi amathathu anesihlanu sele ekwazile ukufunyanwa kwesayensi, wayefundisa kwisikolo esibalulekileyo se-physics kunye ne-chemistry, kunye nelebhu. UMaryA wayefuna nje indawo yokuqhuba uphando. Zaziswa kwiqabane, injingalwazi ye-Polili yasePoland. Kwaye intlanganiso yokuqala, kwaye umbono awayemphilile wamvavanyayo, le ntombazana ikhunjulwa ngobomi. "Ndothuswe yintetho yamagama aqaqambileyo kunye nemvakalelo yohlobo oluthile lokuchaneka kwamehlo aphezulu. Incoko yakhe, icotha kancinane kwaye imhlone, ukuba lula, ukuncipha kwakhe, kwangaxeshanye uncumo lobutsha lwabangela ukuzithemba. " Waqonda nokuba uthandane xa wabona i-tid yakhe inqabile, ethambileyo ne-acid. Nangona kunjalo, ukunikezelwa kokuqala kwesandla kunye nentliziyo ye-sklodovskaya eyaliwe: kusenkangeleko engqondweni, engqondweni, emva kokuphumelela ePoland, wafuna ukubuyela emsebenzini kwaye unakekele womdala utata.
Nge-pierre eshushu, ePierre wathi wayekulungele ukuhamba naye kwaye esondele, nokuba wayenomfundisi-ntsapho kuphela kwade kuphele imihla. Nangona kunjalo, kwakungekho ndawo ekhaya uMariya, kwisikhundla sokufundisa abafazi, nangona babephumelele kwiSorbonn, bathandabuza. Kwaye ukwahlula ixesha elide nePierre kuye kwamnceda ukuba abone enye into ebaluleke kakhulu. "Ngamnye wethu waqonda ukuba akanakufumana esona satellite zobomi," urekhodwe kwidayari. NgoJulayi 26, 1895, badlala ngomtshato waseburhulumenteni. UMaria wala ukuba utshata ecaweni, wothuka izihlobo zakhe. Umsitho womtshakazi weza kwingubo emnyama emnyama-ekuhambeni kwayo iminyaka eyasebenza elabhoratri yakhe iminyaka emininzi. Kuhambo lomtshato, abantu abasandul 'ukutshata baqhubeka ngeebhayisikile abaziswa ngabahlobo.
Okwangoku iphile kakuhle, kodwa ngovuyo. Babemanyaniswe luthando hayi kuphela omnye komnye, kodwa nakwisayensi. UPierre wenza i-pierre ufumana imali ethile, kwaye emva kokuba ekhawuleze ekhaya - ukwenza iimvavanyo. Ndikunye noMaria, baphazamisa ngesisombululo esibilayo ngeewotshi, beka ezona vavanyo zinzima kakhulu. Kwaye waziva ngolwalamano olupheleleyo lweshawa. Umyeni wam ngumda wamaphupha am. Andinakuze ndicinge ukuba bendiya kuba kufutshane naye. Usisipho sesipho sasezulwini, kwaye ixesha elide sihlala kunye, kokukhona sithandana, "siya kubhala uMaria. Ngo-1897, kwazalwa usapho kusapho: intombi yokuqala kaIrene yazalwa. Nangona kunjalo, umntwana uthumele utatomkhulu wakhe. Uphando lwezenzululwazi kunye neemeko zabathengi ezintsonkothileyo azivumelanga abazali ukuba babandakanyeke ekukhuliseni kwayo ngokufanelekileyo. Okubangela umdla kukuba, kwixesha elizayo i-irene ephindaphindwe kanamva koomama: Uye watshata nosuki kwaye njengoMaria, waba ngu-Gobel Parboate-kunikezelwa ngophando kwintsimi yerediyo.
Maria sklodovskaya-curie no-Albert Einstein
Ifoto: ru.wikipedia.org.
Kubangela umsebenzi oqhelekileyo-hamba kwiisampuli zeminerali, - uMaria waphawula ukuba ngexesha lovavanyo, ezinye ziziphatha kakubi. Inkangeleko yayo yayinesibindi: mhlawumbi iisampulu ziqulathe entsha kwaye akukho mntu ungazaziyo into enamahhala erediyo. Kwiminyaka eliqela, uPierre noMaria wazama ukumqokelela, kwaye ekugqibeleni ilizwe lafunda ngobukho be-radium. Oku kwafunyaniswa kwabambelela esidlangalaleni. Ngo-1903, ukuguqulwa kwe-pierre curie yabhengezwa kwibhaso likaNobel. Akukho mntu weva ngoMariya, wayethathwa njengomncedisi ofanelekileyo oqhayisayo. Kwaye eyona nto imangalisayo yayiyintetho yakhe awayekulungele ukwamkela ibhaso kuphela kwimeko nganye - eyahlula umfazi wakhe, kuba bayimpumelelo. Ke okokuqala ngxelo i-Nobel Laureate yaba ngumfazi.
Ngo-1904, intombi yesibini, uEva wazalelwa kwi-curie yosapho. (Ngokungafaniyo noDade, wayengenamdla kwisayensi, wakhetha umntu ongumbhali wembali. Kodwa wabhala imbali yombhali-mbali. Kodwa wabhala imbali yombhali-mbali, eyathi yakhuselwa kamva). Ngeli xesha, zombini izazinzulu zazisele zinesisindo esithile, iPierre efundiswe eSorbonne, uMaria weza elabhoratri yakhe. Imeko yabo yezemali iphucule, i-curie yakwazi ukuqesha irhuluneli ukuba iphakamise amantombazana. Kungabonakala ukuba ubomi bafike kwinqanaba elitsha: impumelelo, ukwamkelwa, ukubaluleka kwemali, bekunokwenzeka ukuba ubandakanyeke kwisayensi, kwaye uvule iintombi, kodwa, ulonwabo aluhlali xesha lide. Ingozi, ingozi yeVeliyare yaqhekeza ubomi bukaPierre. Ukuguqula indlela ukuya kwimvula enkulu, wayengenalo ixesha lokusabela kwinqwelo yamahashe ngexesha kwaye watyunyuzwa ngamavili akhe. Ngelo xesha, inzululwazi yayiminyaka engamashumi amane anesithandathu.
I-Adhelter ekhwele
Emva kokusweleka kwetyala lomyeni wakhe, uMariya wangena ekuhlambulukaneni. Ubunkokeli beyunivesithi yaseParis yamnika ukuba ikhokele iSebe le-physics, elakwaPierre lalikhokelwa ngaphambili. Ke uSkelovskskaya-i-curie yaba yinto yokuqala kwimbali yesornnna ibhinqa-unjingalwazi. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwakungonwabanga. "Hayi indlela ekubuhlungu ngayo ithemba! Uya konwaba, uyibone indlela endifundisa ngayo eSorbhonne, mna ngokwam ndiza kukwenza ukukulungele kakhulu. Kodwa yenza endaweni yakho ... Owu, ipierre yam, inokuphupha into eyoyikekayo? " - ubhale kwidayari ngoNovemba 5, 1906.
Kule mihla inzima, umsebenzi uye waba lusindiso lokwenene. I-Andreillionary yaseMelika iAmerical Andrew Carnegie, ichukunyiswe yintlungu yakhe, yanceda umhlolokazi ukuba aseke elebhu eza kuxhotyisiwe kwezona zixhobo zanamhlanje. Kungekudala wajika waba ngumzi-mveliso omncinci wokuveliswa kwe-radium yerediyo. Ke uMaria wayengazi ngemiphumo yemitha, ngenxa yoko lonke uvavanyo oluchitha ngaphandle kokhuseleko. Umncedisi wakhe yayinguShemist Andre-Louis bijun, othi, njengoko baberhangqa, benethemba lokuthandana noNksk. Kodwa akakwazanga ukuphendula ukuphindaphinda. Iminyaka emine kaMaria yasibona isilile ePierre. Kwaye ngequbuliso, ngehlobo lowe-1910, waphinda waqalisa ukunxiba imibala, abanye abanakukwazi ukukunceda kodwa babone oko akufunayo ngobomi obukhululekileyo nonelisayo.
Ukongeza kumsebenzi wophando kunye nokufundisa, i-curie iqhagamshelane noogqirha
Ifoto: ru.wikipedia.org.
Isizathu sokutshintsha nje okunjalo yayingumfundi owayengumfundi owayengumfundi wakhe, uPaul Lanzhen. Wayengaphantsi koMariya iminyaka emihlanu kwaye atshatile ngokusesikweni, kodwa lo mtshato waqhekeka kwimithungo. Umlingane wayedla ngokumqeqesha izikhuselo ngokutyibilika nokubetha izitya. Ekugqibeleni, ngaphandle kokuxhasa ubomi obunje, uLanzhen waphuma endlwini, wabhenela kwinkundla ngebango lokuhlala ngokwahlukileyo. Ayisiyo indima yokugqibela kwesi sigqibo yadlalwa ziimvakalelo zakhe ngoMariya.
Emva kokuba ufunde malunga nenkanuko yendoda yakhe, Nkszzhen yeza kumsindo. Ngandlel 'ithile, ukukhuthaza imbalelwano yothando kwi-curie, wamthengisa kwijele yejeleli yejenali, izalamane zayo zasebenza apho. Inqaku elithi "Imbali yothando yeMadama iCurie kunye noNjingalwazi uLanzhen" wavela kumgaqo wokuqala kaNovemba 4, 1911, okwangoku xa bobabini benezazinzulu bekwinzululwazi yaseBrussels. Ibhafuli yoluntu: IPolka yayityholwa ngokuthiyisa "intsapho engumzekelo ongumzekelo," kwaye yanyanzela ukuyikhupha kwiSebe. Amaplanga eendaba ayengeyontloni ukubonisa iingcinga ezingcolileyo: Cinga ukuba uSklodovskaya waqalisa ukutshintshwa ngelixa ubomi bomyeni wakhe, ngenxa yento azizibulala. Ukubuyela kwiCongress, uMaria wafumanisa ukuba isihlwele esinomsindo phambi kwendlu. Ibhinqa elingonwabisi elineentombi ezimbini (iJunior Eva ngelo xesha yayiyiminyaka esixhenxe kuphela ubudala) kwafuneka ijonge abahlobo nabahlobo.
Uninzi ke lwamka kuye. I-Chemiserist Svana Iarhenius, ebeye kwakuqala ukutshaya ukungacingeli i-sklodovskaya i-curlie kwiBhaso le-NOBEL, lalibhalela ukuze angafiki kwistotomon kumsitho wesandla. "Ityala linokujika isibethe phambi kokumkani, kwaye ukuba singathanda ukuphepha naliphi na ixabiso. "Ndiyakholelwa ukuba akukho luvahlulwahlulwayo phakathi komsebenzi wam wesayensi kunye nobomi babucala. UMaria uphendule wathi: "Andivumelani nokuba ukuhlelwa kwegama elihle kunokuba nefuthe kuvavanyo lomsebenzi wam wesayensi. KwiStockholm, wagqiba kwelokuba ahambe.
Kwakhona, ukuba nguNobel Laureate-ngeli xesha kwi-chemistry, sklodovskaya-curie yabuya kwi-Parsis, apho wacela ukucela uxolo ngolwazi lolwazi olungeyonyani: "... ngokusekwe kwixabiso elifanelekileyo ukuba isetyenziswe kumgangatho wembuyekezo ekufuneka isetyenzisiwe. Ndikwimeko yophando lwenzululwazi. " Uninzi lwalusothukile kwaye lucela uxolo, kodwa eli bali lwalujongela phantsi umoya wokuziphatha kunye nempilo kaMariya. Ngenxa yesifo sezintso, kwanyanzeleka ukuba senze utyando kwikliniki yabucala, phantsi kwegama langaphandle. IFrance ayizange ibuye. Yayidanile kakhulu. UPaul, njengoThando lwakhe lokuqala uKazimierzh, wayebuthathaka ngumlinganiswa kwaye akazange afumane uqhawulo-mtshato. UMaria wagqiba kwelokuba babekude neParis kuya kuba lula kuye ukuba afike kwesenzeka, aza amkela isimemo kwi-phriks geti ayrton ukuba iphile ixesha elithile eNgilane. Lo mfazi wayengekho kuphela komnye umntu osebenza naye ophulayo isandla sakhe.
Kwifilimu "uMaria curie", eyona ndima iphambili yadlalwa yiCarolina Pear
I-talsman eyingozi
Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I, sklodovskaya-curie zizibonakalise i-patruot yokwenene. Wayefuna ukunika onke amabhaso egolide akhe ngenxa yokufezekisa kwesayensi ukuze abe negalelo kwinkxaso yomkhosi. Nangona kunjalo, iBhanki yeSizwe yeFrance yala ukwamkela iminikelo yakhe. Nangona kunjalo, uchithe zonke imali ezihla kunye nebhaso likaNobel. Kunye nentombi kaIrene, owayesekwishumi elivisayo, ahamba nezibhedlele zakwasemkhosini, eqeqeshe oogqirha ukuba benze i-X-ray i-ray iqhube ngempumelelo imisebenzi. Izixhobo zerediyo yeselula zabizwa ngokuba "yi-curi encinci". Ngexesha leminyaka yemfazwe, ngaphezulu kwamajoni asisigidi asebenzisa ithuba.
Kwiminyaka yeMfazwe, uSklodovskaya-curie wakhokelayo kunye nemisebenzi yokufundisa kwiZiko le-radium, elalikwasekwe. Ngobomi bakhe, wabhala ngaphezu kwamashumi amathathu amanqaku, waphakamisa yonke i-Peiad yoososayensi abaselula abaza kuba balandelela amashishini akhe. Ngamaxesha athile, wenza uhambo lokuya ePoland, apho wacebisana khona ogqirha kwaye kwiindlela zonke ezinegalelo ekusebenziseni i-radium kwezonyango. Entanyeni njenge-talisman kwi-Ampouule ekhethekileyo, uMaria wanxiba igram enye yento, eyamzisa impumelelo kunye nodumo lwehlabathi. Wayengazi ukuba i-qhinga lakhe igcina ingozi ebufihlakeleyo ngaphakathi kwakhe.
Impilo kaMariya iye yaba mandundu ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-1934, wenza uhambo lwemoto ukuya kwinkampani yaseBronislava, ngenxa yoko wabanda kakhulu. Iqondo lobushushu laliqhutywa ixesha elide kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, yayingesiphumo sokubanda, kodwa izifo ezazibizwa kamva zibizwa ngokuba yimitha. Nge-4 kaJulayi, uMaria wasweleka eLeukemia, owamkela ifomu ebikade. Ekuqaleni wangcwatyelwa emangcwabeni ale cwaka kwi-CO (O-Sen), engcwabeni lasePierre. Kodwa ngo-1995, urhulumente waseFransi wagqiba kwelokuba adlulisele amasalela omfazi obalaseleyo ukuya eParis Pantheon. Kungcwatywe kwibhokisi ekhethekileyo yokukhuselwa kwimitha yerediyo, kwaye bonke abo banqwenela ukuhlola izinto zakho ze-curies zilumkisa ngengozi enokubakho. Kuphela kunesiqingatha seminyaka elinesiqingatha, i-radiation iya kutshabalala ngokupheleleyo.
"Akukho sidingo sokuphila ubomi obungenamfundo, nto leyo endandikhokelwa. Ndinike isayensi yexesha elininzi, kuba bendisukelana naye kuba ndiluthandayo ngophando lwenzululwazi. Yonke into endinqwenela ukuba abafazi kunye namantombazana amancinci bubomi obulula bosapho kwaye babhale, "wabhala. Wayonwaba? Injalo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, indlela eyamthumelela into ayithandayo, kwaye indoda eyahlulahlula amaphupha akhe kunye neemvakalelo zakhe.