Ba shi da sauƙi a zama mace - musamman idan kuna zaune a ƙarshen ƙarni na XX-XX kuma kuna yin farin ciki game da wani abu, ban da farin ciki ya zama mace da mahaifiya. Maria Sklodovskaya-Curie shine shugaban Faransa kawai Faransa a duniya, wanda ya ninka kyautar Nobel don gudummawar da ya bayar da gudummawar kimiyya. "Mahaifiyar Masarautar Kwatare" Har abada sun shiga labarin, amma a lokaci guda kusan ya zama wanda aka cutar da ra'ayin jama'a, wanda ba sa son sanin darajar ta.
Sarkon yara Mariya ta nuna son sani da sha'awar koyo. Kuma ba abin mamaki ba. An haife shi a shekara ta 1867 a Warsaw, a cikin dangin Polish malamai Vladislav Sklodovsky da Bronislav Bogunskaya. Uba ya koyar da kimiyyar lissafi, mahaifiyarsa ta rike matsayin darakta na dakin motsa jiki, amma daga baya aka tilasta musu barin post din saboda rashin lafiya. Ta mutu daga tarin fuka da tarin fuka lokacin da Maryamu ta kasance mai alfarata. 'Yar uwar Sofhia ta mutu. A kan rashin daidaituwa na Uba an kori saboda ra'ayinsa na jihar, kuma an tilasta shi ya katse shi a kan karancin aiki. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar da gaskiyar cewa Maryamu ta bata da imani ga Allah. A akasin haka, sha'awar fahimtar duniya da kuma bayyana abubuwan bayyanarta sun haɗu da sha'awar kimiyya.
SkLodowsky yana da cikakkiyar Dating a masana kimiyya, kuma a gida suna koyaushe wasu masu shahararrun mutane. Don haka, Dmitry Mendeleev, gani, tare da wane irin amsar yarinyar ke ciyar da gwaje-gwaje a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, da kuka, zai zama mai rigakafi ne mai sanshi. ". Gymasium Mariyanci ya kammala da lambar zinare. Koyaya, ƙarin horo a Jami'ar sun kasance masu tambaya: da yiwuwar samun babban ilimi ga mata a lardin Sililin, wanda ya kasance mai iyaka. Shekaru da yawa, Maria ta halarci darussan karatun karatun mata da ke ƙasa, abin da ake kira jami'a ta tashi. Kuma kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki don tattara kuɗi don horo a cikin Sorponne na mafi girma 'yar'uwar Bronislava. Wannan, kuma bi, ya yi alkawarin taimaka mata - sun sami irin wannan yarjejeniya.
Mariya Sklodovskaya-Curie tare da dangi
Hoto: Ru.Wikipedia.org.
A cikin wadataccen yanki, Sklodovskaya na Pida ba kawai ya ba da darussan tare da yara biyar ba, amma kuma a ɓoye yara masu banƙyama da suka shafi siberiya. Amma yarinyar ba kawai m hali ne, amma kuma mai kyau zuciya. Bugu da kari, ta kasance manya, mai hankali, na san yadda ake skate, mai son hawan doki da aka kunshi waƙoƙi. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa ta sami damar cinye zuciyar babban ɗan mai, Kazimage Zhuravsky, wanda ya zo ga kadaitawa a hutun. Jin yana da juna, ma'aurata matasa sun yi daidai da juna. Koyaya, tunda na koya game da wannan, Sihiri ya zo cikin fushi: An tsare shi cikin amarya da nagging yarinya, kuma ba wasu gobara mara kyau ba. KazimiIerzh bai yi ƙoƙarin yin tsayayya da nufin iyayen ba. Lokacin zafi ya ƙare, kuma ya koma ya ci gaba da karatunsa a jami'a. A kan Maryamu, abin da ya faru ya zama ra'ayi mai ƙarfi. Ta ƙarni da cewa, ba za su iya yin imani ba, kuma a cikin wata wasika zuwa Bronislava yi alkawarin "ba sake sake ɗaukar kansa ko kuma abubuwan da suka faru ba."
Soyayya da Chemistry
A cikin 1891, a ƙarshe jaruminmu ya sami damar cika burinsa kuma ya yi rajista a Sorbonne. Broniisala ta wannan lokacin da Yaren mutanen yakin yakin ya yi ƙaura, dalibi na likita. Ta gayyaci 'yar uwa su zauna a cikin gidan, wanda suka yi fim tare da mijinta. Koyaya, Maria ba ta son ɗaukar dangi kuma bayan wani lokaci yanke shawarar ci gaba, cire karamin ɗaki a cikin ɗakunan sanyi na Latin Latin. A Jami'ar Sklodovskaya ta tuna a matsayin ɗayan manyan ɗaliban mata masu ɗorewa; Da yamma sai ta tsunduma, da maraice, sai ya yi aiki a matsayin malami. Rashin kudi ya zama kawai isasshen abinci, ta hana tufafinsa don ramuka. Sau ɗaya a cikin lacca, yarinyar ma ta faɗi a cikin jigun gari.
A cikin tafiyar aure Maryamu da Pierre ya tafi kekuna
Hoto: Ru.Wikipedia.org.
Amma shi ne mai ƙarfi halayyar, wanda ke da sha'awar ɗaukar ta. Zuwa shekaru talatin da biyar ya riga ya sami nasarar yin binciken kimiyya da yawa, ya koyar a wata babbar makarantar kimiyyar lissafi da sunadarai, kuma sun jagoranci dakin gwaje-gwaje. Mataata kawai suna buƙatar wuri don gudanar da bincike. An gabatar da su zuwa ga abokin aikina, farfesa ne na asalin Yaren mutanen Poland. Kuma farkon taron, da ra'ayi wanda ya samar mata, yarinyar ta tuna da rayuwa. "Na firgita ta hanyar bayyanar da idanunsa masu haske da kuma jin wani daidaitaccen irin sa. Maganin sa, kadan jinkirin da tunani, da sauƙin sa, mai mahimmanci kuma a lokaci guda murmushin saurayi ya haifar da amincewa. " Ya kuma gane cewa ya fada cikin ƙauna lokacin da ta ga hannayenta mai laushi, wanda aka keɓe da acid. Koyaya, tayin farko na hannu da zuciyar Sklodovskaya sun ƙi cewa: har yanzu ana samun ɗan lokaci-gari daga jami'a, tana son komawa Poland don neman aiki a can kuma tana da kulawa na dattijo.
Da zafi, Fitar da cewa ya shirya don tafiya tare da ita da kasancewa kusa da ita, koda kuwa yana da malami Faransa har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakin. Duk da haka, babu wani wuri a gida don Maryamu, ga matsayin koyarwa na mata, da albeit su ne masu digiri na Sorblayana, a karba ba da jimawa ba. Kuma rabuwa na dogon lokaci tare da Pierre ya taimaka mata ta fahimci wani muhimmin abu. Kowannenmu ya fahimci cewa bai iya samun mafi kyawun tauraron dan adam na rai ba, "in ji ta a cikin littafin littafin. A 26 ga Yuli, 1895, sun buga bikin aure mai matsakaici. Maria ta ki yi aure a cikin cocin, ya firgita danginta. Bikin amarya ta zo a cikin wani m duhu shuɗi sutura - wanda a tsawon shekaru ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje. A cikin balaguron bikin aure, sabbin matan sun ci gaba da keke da abokai.
Yanzu ya rayu da wahala, amma cikin farin ciki. Suna da haɗin kai da ƙauna ba wai kawai ga juna ba, har ma ga kimiyya. Pierre laccan don samun aƙalla wasu kuɗi, kuma bayan gida mai sauri - don yin gwaje-gwajen. Tare da Maryamu, sun haɗu da tafasasshen tafasasshen tare da agogo, sanya gwaje-gwaje masu rikitarwa. Kuma ji cikakken dangantakar wanka. "Mijina shine iyakar mafarkina. Ba zan taba tunanin cewa zan kusantar da shi ba. Shi kyauta ce ta sama, kuma ya fi tsayi tare, da kuma muna ƙaunar juna, "zai rubuta Maria. A cikin shekarar 1897, dangin sun faru a cikin iyali: An haifi 'yarin farko na Irene. Koyaya, jariri ya aika zuwa kaka. Halin kimiyya da yanayin masu rikitarwa bai yarda da iyayen da su shiga cikin rikicewar ta da kyau ba. Abin sha'awa, a nan gaba erene maimaita ƙaddara ta mahaifiyar mahaifiyar: Hakanan ya auri Chistist kuma kamar Maria, ya zama lambar yabo ta Nobel - an ba shi damar bincike a fannin aikin rediyo.
Maria Sklodovskaya-Curie da Albert Einstein
Hoto: Ru.Wikipedia.org.
Sanadin aiki na yau da kullun - bi ta samfurori na ma'adanai, - Maria ta lura cewa yayin gwaje-gwajen, wasu halaye masu nuna hali. Da zato yana da ƙarfin hali: wataƙila samfurori dauke da sabon kuma babu wanda bai san abu mai launin amarya ba. Shekaru da yawa, Pierre da Maria sun yi ƙoƙarin samar masa, kuma a ƙarshe dukkanin duniya sun koya game da kasancewar radium. Wannan binciken ya makale jama'a. A cikin 1903, da candidation na Pierre an ba da sanarwar Curie a cikin kyautar Nobel. Babu wanda ya ji game da Maryana, an dauke shi kawai wani abu ne kawai mataimakin miji. Kuma mafi ban mamaki shi ne bayanin nasa cewa ya shirya don karbar kyautar kawai a yanayi daya - raba shi da matarsa, saboda nasararsu ta kowa ne. Don haka, a karon farko Nobel ya yi mata mace.
A cikin 1904, 'yar biyu, an haifeshi a cikin dangin Curie. (Ba kamar 'yar kwantar da hankali ba, ba ta da sha'awar kimiyya, ta zabi aikin tarihi na fasaha. Amma ya rubuta tarihin mahaifiya, wanda aka mallaki shi). A wannan lokacin, duka masana kimiyyar sun riga sun sami wani nauyi, tilasta koyar da magana a Sorbonne, Maria ta nufi dakin gwaje-gwaje. Yanayin samar da kudadensu ya inganta, abin jagoranci ya sami damar yin hayar da karfi don tunatar da 'yan mata. Da alama rayuwa ta zo sabon matakin: Nasara, Gano, Rayuwar Kasawa, yana yiwuwa a shiga cikin ilimin kimiyya, kuma ya sa farin ciki, amma, Alas, farin ciki bai daɗe ba. Mummunan, hadarin Veliad ya karya rayuwar Pierre. Juya hanyar zuwa ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, ba shi da lokacin da zai yi a kan karusar karusar doki a kan lokaci kuma ƙafafunsa suka fashe da ƙafafunsa. A lokacin, masanin kimiyya ya shekara arba'in da shida.
Jin daɗi
Bayan mutuwar matar mijinta, Maryamu ta shiga cikin bacin rai. Jami'in Jami'ar Paris ya ba ta shi ya jagoranci sashen kimiyyar kimiyyar lissafi, wanda Pierre aka jagoranta kafin. Don haka Sklodovskaya-Curie ya zama na farko a cikin tarihin na Sorponna mace-farfesa. Koyaya, wannan bai yi farin ciki ba. "Yaya baƙin cikinsa ba shi da bege! Za ku yi farin ciki, ganin yadda nake koyarwa a Sorbonne, zan yi muku abin da ya yarda. Amma yi shi maimakon ku ... Oh, Pierre na, na iya yin mafarkin mafi mummunan? " - Ta rubuta a cikin Diary a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1906.
A cikin waɗannan kwanaki masu wahala, aikin ya zama ainihin ceto. A cikin Carnerew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie, ya sa ta da mijinta don kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka sanye da kayan aikin zamani. Ba da daɗewa ba ta juya zuwa ƙaramin masana'anta don samar da radium radium. Sannan Maryama ta san game da sakamakon radiation, don haka dukkanin gwaje-gwajen sa suka kashe ba tare da kariya ba. Musttaidta Andre-Louis Debjun, wanda, kamar yadda suke jita-jita, sun kasance cikin ƙauna tare da Misis Cursi. Amma ba ta iya amsa gamsuwa. Shekaru hudu na Maryamu sun lura da makoki a kan Pierre. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani, a cikin bazara na 1910, sake sake sa suturar riguna masu launi, wasu ba su iya taimakawa ba amma rayuwa ta gamsu da rai mai gamsarwa.
Baya ga aikin bincike da koyarwa, ra'ayi na kulawa likitoci
Hoto: Ru.Wikipedia.org.
Dalilin wannan canjin wannan canjin shi ne tsohon dalibi na kammala karatun mijinta, Bulus Lanzhen. Ya kasance mai zafi fiye da Maryamu shekara biyar kuma yana da aure bisa ga aure, amma wannan aure ya fashe a kan tekun. Matar sau da yawa ta yi birgima shi da baƙin ciki tare da kashe korar kashe kuma ta doke jita-jita. A ƙarshe, ba tare da ci gaba da irin wannan rayuwar ba, Lanzhen ya bar gidan kuma ya yi kira ga kotu tare da wani da'awar don zama na gida. Ba rawar da ta gabata ba ne ta hanyar wannan shawarar saboda Maryamu ta gabata.
Bayan da tunanin sha'awar ƙaunar mijinta, Ms. Lanzhen ya zo don takaici. A wata hanya, inganta saƙon da aka gabatar, ta sayar da ita ga jaridar Boulevard, dangi suna aiki a can. Labarin "Tarihin soyayya na Madame Curie da farfesa Lanie da farfesa Laniya" sun bayyana a kan layi na farko na jaridar a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1911, a yanzu lokacin da duka masana kimiyya suka kasance a kan taron kimiyya. An tuhumi Polka na jama'a: Polka da aka zargi Polka da ya ci "misali da dangin Faransa," kuma sun nemi wargaza daga sashen. The Newspsprint ba su jin kunya don bayyana datti masu datti: da alama Sklodovskaya ya fara ba da matsala yayin rayuwar mijinta, saboda abin da ya kashe kansa. Komawa daga Majalisa, Mariya ta gano taron fushi a gaban gidan. Mace mai farin ciki da 'ya'ya mata biyu (Junior Hauwa lokaci a lokacin yana da shekara bakwai kawai) dole ne su nemi mafaka tare da abokai.
Da yawa kuma sun juya daga gare ta. Kamfanin Chemist Arrhenius, wanda ya gabatar a baya don gabatar da takarar Sklodovskaya Curie zuwa kyautar Nobel, domin ta zo Stockholm ga bikin hannu. "Maganar na iya zama abin kunya a gaban sarki, kuma muna so mu guje wa kowane farashi," ya bayyana. "Na yi imani cewa babu wata alaƙa tsakanin aikin na kimiyya da rayuwar sirri. Ban yarda da ra'ayin cewa ƙwararrun da ƙwararrun sunan mai kyau na iya tasiri da kimantawa na aikin na kimiyya, "Mariya ta amsa sosai. A Stockholm, sai ta yanke shawarar tafiya.
A sake, zama mai gabatar da Nobel - wannan lokacin a cikin Chemistry, Sklodovskaya-Curse ya koma zuwa Paris, "... dangane da yada labarai na karya:" ... dangane da yadda ya kamata ina bukatar adadi mai mahimmanci da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin ingancin biyan diyya. Ina kan binciken kimiyya. " Da yawa sun firgita da kuma tabbatar da cewa, amma wannan labarin ya lalata halin kirki ruhaniya da lafiyar Maryamu. Saboda cutar koda, an tilasta shi yin aiki a cikin asibitin mai zaman kansu, a karkashin sunan baƙon. Faransa ta taba dawowa. Ya yi baƙin ciki sosai. Bulus, kamar ƙaunarta ta farko Kazimierzh, ta kasance mai rauni ta hali kuma bai yi kuskure ba don bayar da kisan aure. Mariya ta yanke shawarar cewa sun yi nisa da Paris zai zama sauki a gare ta ta kwashe abin da ke faruwa, kuma suka amince da gayyatar Geti Aayton don rayuwa har zuwa wani lokaci a Ingila. Wannan matar ba ta da kadai abokan aikinta suke shimfidawa hannun ta sun taimake ta.
A cikin fim din "Maria Curie", babban rawar da Carolina Pear
Mai Hadarin Talisman
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ni, Sklodovskaya-Curie sun nuna kanta ainihin patriot. Ta so ta ba da lambobin yabo dukkan kyaututtukan kimiyya don amfanin bayar da goyon baya ga goyon baya na rundunar. Duk da haka, bankin kasa Faransa ta ki karban gudummawar ta. Koyaya, ta kashe duk kudaden da suka yi tare da kyautar Nobel. Tare tare da 'yar Irene, wanda har yanzu saurayi ne, sun ci gaba ta hanyar asibitocin soja da horar da likitoci su sanya X-RAYSIacciyar aiwatar da ayyukan. Ana kiran na'urori na wayar salula "Little Curi". A lokacin yakin, fiye da sojoji da suka yi amfani da su.
A cikin shekarun yaƙi, Sklodovskaya-Curie ya jagoranci bincike da kuma ayyukan koyarwa a cikin kwafin radium, wanda aka kafa. Don rayuwarsa, ta rubuta labarai fiye da talatin, ta tayar da dukkan pleam na matasa masana kimiyya wadanda suka zama magajin kasuwancinta. Lokaci-lokaci, ta yi tafiya zuwa ga Poland na asalin, inda ya ba da shawarar likitoci kuma ta kowace hanya ya ba da gudummawa ga amfani da radium a magani. A wuya a matsayin Talisman a cikin wani ampoule na musamman, Maria sa gram daya daga cikin wannan abu, wanda ya kawo nasarar da kuma shaharar duniya. Ba ta san cewa kwakwalwarta tana kiyaye hatsarin da ke cikin kansa ba.
Lafiyar Maryamu ta kara da sauri. A shekara ta 1934, ta yi tafiya ta mota zuwa kamfanin Bronislava 'yan'uwa, sakamakon wanda yake sanyi sosai. Ana gudanar da zafin jiki na dogon lokaci. Koyaya, ba sakamakon sanyi bane, amma cututtukan da aka baya da ake kira radiation. A 4 ga Yuli, Maria ta mutu sakamakon barga, wanda ya karɓi fom mara nauyi. Da farko an binne ta a makabartar a CO (O-DE Sen), a cikin kabarin Pierre. Amma a shekarar 1995, gwamnatin Faransa ta yanke shawarar canja wurin ragowar wata babbar mace zuwa Paris Pantheon. An binne shi a cikin wani garwa na musamman tare da kariya daga radiation na rediyo, da duk waɗanda suke son yin bincike na mutum game da haɗarin yiwuwar haɗari. Kawai ta hanyar shekara dubu ɗaya da rabi, radiation zai shuɗe gaba ɗaya.
"Babu bukatar haifar da irin wannan rayuwar dabi'a, wanda na jagoranci. Na ba da kimiyyar lokaci mai yawa, saboda na yi ƙoƙari a gare ta saboda ina ƙaunar bincike kimiyya. Abinda kawai nake so mata da kananan mata rayuwa rayuwa ce mai sauki da aiki, abin da ya fi so, "Curie ya rubuta. Shin tana farin ciki? Quite. Bayan haka, yi rabo ya aiko mata da abin da aka fi so, kuma wani mutum wanda ya rarraba mafarkinta da yadda yake ji.