Emibandela yobhubhane lweCoronavirus, abantu baqala ukuba nentshisekelo yezokwelapha futhi sekwenzeke emlandweni wokuqubuka kobhubhane. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi kunamacala amaningi anjalo, ikakhulukazi ngeNkathi Ephakathi, lapho emazweni aseYurophu, nase-Afrika, ikakhulukazi, kuzwakala ngokugeleleka ngokugcinwa kwezindinganiso zokuhlanzeka. Ngokungafani namazwe amaningi, eRussia, abantu abakaze bakunakele nge-HYGIENE - isiko lokuvunwa kubhavu, ukubhukuda emifuleni kanye namachibi kwaziwa isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nangaphansi kwalezi zimo, asivikelekile kumagciwane amasha - wonke ama-virus ahlala odokotela nososayensi abazama ukuthuthukisa umuthi wokugoma ngokushesha okukhulu futhi bavikele abantu imiphumela enobungozi yokutheleleka. Ilungiselelwe ukukhethwa kwama-pandemics adlule akhathaza izingqondo zezizukulwane ezedlule. Umsebenzi wethu ukukhombisa ukuthi yini okudingeka uyikholelwe ngekusasa eliqhakazile bese uzama ukunciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka kuze kube yilapho umuthi wokugoma wasungulwa.
Ubhubhane luphakama ngenxa yokungalandelwa kwemigomo yenhlanzeko nokuphepha
Photo: Unsplisish.com.
U-Antoninova inhlupheko (165-168)
Inani labafi: izigidi ezi-5
Imbangela: Akaziwa
Kuqanjwe ukuhlonipha igama elijwayelekile loMbusi WaseRoma uMark Auralara, elawula uMbuso ngaleyo minyaka. Ngalesi sikhathi, umqondo wobhubhane awukabi khona, ngakho-ke inhlupho ka-Antoninov ingabhekwa njengezingekho emthethweni phakathi kwezifundazwe phakathi kwezifunda. Izinkumbulo zalezo zikhathi zigcinwe kumarekhodi eRoman Carlia yasendulo, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi uChuma Galen. IMalaya Asia, iGibhithe, Greece, i-Italy yaba yi-FOCI eyinhloko. Kukholakala ukuthi isizathu sasibonakala ngegciwane noma isimungumungwane noma isibeletho - konke lokhu kucatshangwa, kungakaqinisekiswa ngokwesayensi. EYurophu, leli gciwane laletha amasosha amaRoma abuya eneminyaka eyi-165 evela esifundeni saseMesopotamia. Njengoba izimpawu zalesi sifo bezingaziwa kubantu, lesi sifo sasakazeka ngokushesha futhi sathi ziningi izimpilo.
UJustinianova inhlupheko (541-542)
Inani labantu abafile: izigidi ezingama-25
Isizathu: UBubulon Ubhubhane
Ubhubhane lokuqala olubhalwe phansi lwesifo senhlupho, esasungulwa ngaphansi komthetho weByzantium nguJustinian kuqala. Ngokusho kwemininingwane esolwayo, ingxenye yeYurophu yafa - cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingama-25 ngonyaka owodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikota yabantu yahlupheka esifundeni sasempumalanga yeMedithera - emadolobheni asePort lapho izinkulungwane zabantu zenzeka khona. Lapho usuqede ubhubhane, uConstantinople wahlala ebhujiswa empeleni - cishe ama-40% abantu bomdabu bafa.
UMorn Mor (1346-1353)
Inani labafi: 75 - 200 izigidi
Isizathu: UBubulon Ubhubhane
Maphakathi nekhulu le-14, i-Europe, i-Afrika ne-Asia kwamboza ukuqubuka kwesifo esisha, ngenxa yalokho abantu abayizigidi ezingama-75-200 bafa. Igebe elikhulu kangaka kulezi zibalo lichazwa ngokuthi izibalo zazingakwenziwa kuwo wonke amazwe, futhi lesi sifo asihlali zinazo izizathu zokufa kokufa - kuvame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi lesi sifo. Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, lesi sifo sadluliselwa emakhefini esihlala kumagundane esithutha - bagijimela emigwaqweni, ngokushesha nje lapho befika edolobheni elisha futhi baphinde babone ngokushesha ukutheleleka ngokuzalwa kwentsha entsha. Bese kuthi lesi sifo sadlula umuntu, ebangela ukusatshalaliswa ngokushesha emphakathini.
Umkhuhlane wengulube (2009-2010)
"Umkhuhlane wezingulube" kwakuyigama elidumile legciwane, okwadala ukukhanya komkhuhlane ngo-2009-2010. Lolu hlobo lomkhuhlane wesizini, manje ofakiwe emgomweni wonyaka wokugomela umkhuhlane. Leli gciwane litholwe okokuqala eMexico ngo-Ephreli 2009. Yaziwa ngokuthi umkhuhlane wezingulube, ngoba esakhiweni kubukeka njengamagciwane omkhuhlane athinta izingulube. Njengoba imigomo eqhathaniswa nalolu hlobo lomkhuhlane ayizange yathuthukiswa, noma kunjalo, yasakazeka ngokushesha phakathi kwamazwe, ngenhlanhla, ayizange iphenduke yaba yimiphumela ebulalayo. Agasti 10, 2010 I-World Health Organisation (WHO) ngokusemthethweni ngokusemthethweni ukuphela kobhubhane.
Isizathu esiyinhloko sokutheleleka nge-HIV - Ukuya ocansini okungavikelekile
Photo: Unsplisish.com.
I-HIVI ye-HIV / AIDS (ephakeme, 2005-2012)
Inani labafile: izigidi ezingama-36
Imbangela: I-HIV / AIDS
I-HIV ne-AIDS kwavela eDemocratic Republic of the Congo emuva ngo-1976. Kusukela ngo-1981, lapho lisakazeka kwamanye amazwekazi, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-36 babulawa kulezi zifo. I-HIV uqobo, uma uyithola ngesikhathi bese uqala ukwelashwa, akuyona ingozi - umuntu angahlala naye ngendlela efanayo nabantu abanempilo. Kepha ifomu laso elibi kakhulu - ingculaza - lishisa "umuntu oseminyakeni yeminyaka ethile, ukungahambi kahle. Njengamanje, i-HIV itheleleke kubantu abayizigidi ezingama-31-3, okugxilwe kuyo kusagcinwa emazweni aseningizimu e-Afrika, lapho kusho ukuthi izindlela zokuvimbela inzalo zisetshenziswa kaningi noma azisetshenziswa nhlobo. Esikhathini esivela ngo-2005 kuya ku-2012, ukushona kwe-HIV / AIDS yonyaka yehle kwehle kusuka ku-2.2 million kuya ezigidini eziyi-1,6. Manje amabutho ososayensi ahlose ukuthuthukisa izidakamizwa ezithuthuke kakhulu nolwazi olungaphezulu komsebenzi nabantu.