INDLELA ENGCONO KAKHULU NGAMABHODI
"Tie" yithayela lasendulo esalahleka. Igama elingenisiwe aligcini njeli ezimpilweni zethu, likhansele lokho esingaziqhenya ngalo kwesokudla. Yize kunjalo, emakhulu eminyaka, kwakukhona igama elihlukile eRussia. "Tie": Ipuleti lobumba olushisiwe olumbozwe ngephethini yokusiza noma i-glaze enemibala. Kodwa-ke, okhokho bethu badala ubuciko bangempela besebenzisa amathayili. Hhayi emazweni amaningi ungabona ukwakhiwa, okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi okuhlotshiswe ngokunethezeka ngokufakwa kwezilimi.
Utshani boorova for the "ant" tie
Ukukhiqizwa Kwezakhi Ze-Ceramic zokuhlobisa ama-facades of zakhiwo namasonto, izitofu (bese kuba umlilo) kubhekwa njengenye yezingcweti zobuciko baseRussia abahlukile kakhulu. Idlule izigaba ezintathu. Ekuqaleni, ababumbi bashintshwa ukuze benze amathayili abomvu - amapuleti e-ceramic anamaphethini afakiwe. Benziwa besebenzisa ukwakheka okubaziweyo ngokhuni, okugcwele kakhulu ngobumba. (Ama-ceramics anjalo eminyakeni ephakathi nendawo abambe indawo efanelekile yabakhi abanokubuyiselwa okulula kwentambo enzima kakhulu etsheni.) Kamuva, kwavela uhlobo oluhlukile. Isendlalelo sesixazululo esikhethekile se- "Glass" safakwa endaweni yaso engaphandle, eyanikeza ukuhlanganiswa okuluhlaza okotshani ngemuva kokudubula, ngenxa yala mathayili futhi yathola igama lawo (khumbula igama elithi le-epic "IGrav-Muraba"). Kepha "uPrist King Green" waba mfushane.
Isivele ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XVII. Amakhosi aseRussia aqonde ukukhiqizwa kwamathayili we-multicolor (okuthiwa abizwa ngokuthi) amathayili. Ubuchwepheshe bokwenziwa kwabo selusabalale kithi ngenxa ye-abbot yesigodlo se-eirsky eValdai Nikonou. Wamema ukuhlobisa izakhiwo ze-Belarusian gonchars ebalekela eRus evela eLithuaniya. Abafowethu abaseSlav bazi ukuthi bangapheka kanjani "ukuchelela", okwathi ngemuva kokudubula kunikeze i-koqweqwe lwawo olunezimbali ezimhlophe, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eziphuzi nezihlaza, ezivela kubo leli khono labafundi baseRussia.
Ukusuka phakathi kwamasolo ethu, i-master stepan "ku-nickname Hambes" ifanelwe udumo olukhethekile. Kukholakala ukuthi nguyena owaba nguMdali wohlobo lwangempela lwamathayili avumelekile, athola igama elikhethekile: "Pavlinje oko" (iphethini ye-multicolor kula mapuleti, "kudonswa" ekugcineni kwezimpaphe ngamunye umsila wepikoko).
Isigodlo - Ubuhle ikhasimende
EMoscow, okokuqala ngqa, ama-ceramics anenqwabelaneni ahlukahlukene ahlose ithempeli likaZiqu-zintathu eNicnics, elakhiwa kusukela ngo-1635. Futhi kusukela eminyakeni eyi-167. Futhi kusukela kwakhiwa ama-1670s, lapho kukhiqizwa inqwaba yezinto zokuhlobisa. . Ubuciko obuhlanzekile ekwakhiweni kwenhloko-dolobha elondolozwe kakhulu - i-Pokrovsky Cathedral e-IzbangOv, iSonto Lase-Grigolkaya e-Nikolskaya, i-Rectory Church yokucabanga kweNkosazana ... Kodwa-ke, Okuhlukile kakhulu, okungekhona ukuba ne-analogues yi-Knitty teremok.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVII. Emabhange eMoscow River, eduze nesigodlo seNovospassky, okuyinkimbinkimbi yamasonto namakamelo ababhishobhi abangamaKratytsky kwakhiwa. Cishe zonke izakhiwo zisetshenziswa lapha njengezakhi zokuhlobisa, izibopho zokunisela, kepha enye yezakhiwo zisami kulolu luhlu. Umakhi we-osip wabadala owakhelwe phezu kokungena kwangaphambili - amasango angcwele kaTeremok, okubangelwa okuphezulu, okubandakanya imihlobiso eminingi - amakholomu, amakholomu okuhlobisa, amapulangwe aqinile amathayili! Akukho lutho olufana nathi, noma kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu ngeke uhlangane.
Ngokungeziwe kumadolobha okuqala, amadolobha amaningi aseRussia angabizwa ngokuthi izakhiwo ezithokozisayo, ahlotshiswe ngama-tile: i-yaroslavl, i-rytroma, i-verag, i-solvychydovsk ... Izingubo ze-tile ezicebile zithole inqwaba yesonto laseNovo-Jerusalem eduze kwaseMoscow. I-Plant and Geometric Ornament, izithombe zeSeraphimov eziyisithupha-skwele (ukwakhiwa kwawo wonke umhlobiso ocebile sekuvele kubangethelele ama-hybes aseStepan). Ubuningi be-ceramics ye-ceramics emhlobisweni wethempeli lovuko, iBell tower, iSkita yenzalamizi uNikon yafuna ukugqila kwenhlangano yenhlangano kulezi zindawo zamathayi akhethekile, okwakuqhubeka nokusebenza futhi kamuva ekhazinyulisiwe ezweni lonke.
Chemistry-alchemy
Sebenza ekwakhiweni kwamathayili anemibala kudinga ulwazi ngezimfihlo eziningi zobungcweti. Yize kusuka ekubukweni kosokhemisi, inqubo icacile: Ukwakheka okusekelwe ku-cobalt oxide, ngokwesibonelo, lapho kufudumeza i-koqweqwe lwawo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-Copper oxide "kuholela" emgqeni ... Kodwa-ke, ama-nunces abalulekile ngesikhathi sokusebenza . Umzuzu ngamunye owengeziwe wokudubula, i-Extrem ngayinye ingashintsha kakhulu umthunzi wombala endaweni yesehlakalo. Futhi izinto zomthombo yizimbangi zemibala - izinhloso, yiziphi izingqinamba zakudala ezatholwa eceleni kwamabhange emifula, bese kuthi i-puat-peat ibe yimpuphu - nemfihlakalo eqinile. Yimaphi amatshe akhetha ukuthi yiziphi izimpawu?
Ukucaciswa kwendawo kwamaminerali kubaluleke kakhulu - ubumba olufanayo, lapho amateyipu abunjwe kuwo. Isibonelo, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emaphakathi nasenkabeni ye-Asia kuhluke kakhulu kulowo "Glinka", owawusetshenziswa amakhosi asendaweni yaseYurophu yaseRussia. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwavela: Uma ungathathi ama-Tricks angezekile, kumapuleti obumba "ase-Asia", kungcono ukuqhubeka nokunisela, ubeke umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi ubumba lwendawo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi ubumba lwendawo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka bunqunywe ngokuningiliziwe. .
Isitofu saseRussia, uthayi
ERussia, kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, kwakhona imfashini yokusebenzisa amapuleti amahle obukhali wokuqeda amafayili.
Uma ubheka ama-chimney ama-chimney ama-chimney wekhulu le-XVII, ungabona amaphethini ahlukahlukene - izithombe zezigcawu ezinamakhanda amabili, ama-griffins amahle ... UPeter ongenakuphikiswa ... uPeter ongenakuphumula, uPeter Okokuqala, wathola isikhathi futhi ehlola isikhathi "sokuhlola ibhizinisi elithi" ". Sekuvele sekuvele kwendabuko eRussia, iMaitoliki ehlukahlukene ayiphefumulelwa nguye, ngakho-ke uMbusi wayala: Kusukela manje, kukhona amathayi ama-chimney kuphela "ngokuya ngobuso obushelelezi abambozwe a Umdwebo wendaba, owenziwe ngohlelo lwemibala oluqinile kakhulu. Ukusungula ukukhishwa kwemikhiqizo enjalo, umbusi waze wayala ukuthi axhumeke endabeni yamaSweden amabili athathwe ngesikhathi somkhankaso wamasosha. Kodwa-ke, kwavela ukuthi kuvela kwalawa maScandinavians. Bekumele sithumele ama-sneaker ethu athile wokufunda ukuya eHolland.
Amathayili ahlobise isibuko sezinto eziningi ezindlini zaseRussia ze-XVIII - Ikhulu lokuqala le-XIX. Mhlawumbe akunjalo, njengoba kubalulekile, kodwa kungafundwa ". Amapuleti we-ceramic esikwele anesikwele avame ukumbozwa nge-icing emhlophe, kanye nesithombe "sotshani ohlukile nangazo zonke izinhlobo zohlobo lwabantu, zezilwane nezinyoni" ziboniswa ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Yini hhayi lapha! Izinhlamvu ezimnandi: Unicorn, bird Sirin, Winged Horse Pegasus; Izilwane, zikhona ngempela: i-crane, ibhele, indlovu nengonyamazana; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungahlangana nezithombe ze-landscape: imikhumbi olwandle, ezakhiweni, ezintabeni ...
Imfashini yayiku "ompompi" kanye "nobuntu bomuntu". Kumathayili we-portrait, abaculi bakhiphe ngokucophelela abantu abathile, izibalo, imininingwane yezingubo nezikhali. Amapuleti amaningi aqukethe isithombe sezigcawu ezahlukahlukene empilweni, kwesinye isikhathi ngokuphawula kombhalo okuhlekisayo, kwe-anecdotal. Lapha, ngokwesibonelo, isiginesha ngaphansi komdwebo womuntu onenduku yokudoba: "Vaska, Tashchi Somea! "Ngakho akangikhohlisi!". Kube nesidingo esikhulu samasethi ezinto ezidwetshwe ezinikezelwe kubantu baphesheya kwezilwandle. Esihlotsheni sobumba "esinjalo, ngaphansi komfanekiso womuntu, i-Master yenza umyalo ochazayo:" Cavalier Gispansky "," Aponsian Ms "," Merchant Chinese "...