Ngokwesihlanu ngoDisemba 1901, kwavela umxoxo wezindaba ophambili emhlabeni - uWalt Disney. UMickey Mouse, Donald Duck, eMermaid, i-Snow White, uCinderella - amaqhawe esitudiyo sakhe sekuyisikhathi eside eba yizinganekwane. Kodwa akubonakali ukuthi kuyamangaza yini ukuthi amakhathuni ayenendaba nendoda yabantu abadala? Futhi kakhulu kangangokuba wazinikezela kubo yonke impilo yakhe? Ake sibheke ukuthi umuntu onomphefumlo wengane waba kanjani umthengisi ophumelelayo futhi washintsha umhlaba wezithombe.
Impilo yi-oda inselelo inselelo iWalt Disney encane. Umndeni wakhe wawumpofu futhi wathutha kaningi. UWalt wazalwa kwelinye lamadolobha amakhulu e-USA - chicago, yize ayehlala lapho isikhathi eside, eneminyaka emihlanu nje. Wabe esethuthela epulazini elincane eMissouri nezihlobo, futhi esikhathini esithile kamuva bathuthela eKansas. Omakhelwane abaningi babazi futhi bamthanda uWalt - wahlukaniswa nomoya othokozayo. Enye yazo, i-asebekhulile veteran uDkt Sherwood, yaze yakhokha umfana amasenti angamashumi amabili nanhlanu ukupenda ihhashi lakhe ephepheni elakhiwe. Kamuva, uDisney wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuyisimo esiphumelelayo se-mare sikaDkt Sherwood futhi samphothula emcabangweni wokuba ngumculi.
Iqhawe lethu kusukela ebuntwaneni kukhombisa ukuthakazelisa ukudweba, futhi amahlaya ayo okuqala aqala ukuthengisa eminyakeni eyisikhombisa. Kamuva ngapenda iphephandaba lesikole, futhi ebusuku ngivakashele isikole sobuciko obuhle. Wabe esedlula emcimbini wephephandaba ikhathuni, lapho afundisa khona ukucabanga okungekhona okujwayelekile, ukwephulwa okuhlekisayo kokunengqondo okujwayelekile nendlela ye-laconic. UDisney wayethanda ukuphinda ukuthi ubuntwana yisikhathi esihle kakhulu empilweni. Kwakuyimpilo yakhe yempilo, wayefuna abantu bazwele umzwa omangalisayo kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Futhi kungaba yini umlingo wamakhathuni?
I-prototype ye-mermaid edumile yaba ngumlingisi u-Alissa Milano
Uhlaka oluvela kukhathuni "Mermaid"
Kepha indlela yokugqwayiza yayinameva futhi yaqala nakancane ekudwebeni. Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye, uWalt usethole impilo yakhe. Ngavuka ngehora lesihlanu ekuseni ukuze kanye negumbi labantu abadala basendlini ukuletha imeyili, bese belwa ngokushesha esikoleni. Njengoba eseneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, wanquma ukuhambela i-jelly. Kwakuyinto le nto ukuthi uyise waqala ukubandakanyeka, owayenobumpofu isikhathi eside. UWalt ujabule ngenkuthalo, kepha wayefuna ukudala okunye. Futhi imidwebo ibingekho nhlobo into oyithandayo yeWalt. Unqume ngokuqinile ukuba ngumdwebi ochwepheshe. Ukuzwa okunjengobaba kaDisney kwacishe kwahlanya - kungenzeka yini ukwenza imali ngesinkwa, ukudweba zonke izinhlobo zezithombe! Kepha uWalt akanazo izitatimende ezifanayo ezingenangqondo, wazibeka umgomo futhi azifinyelele! Ngo-1920 waphothula esikoleni sobuciko. Kuliqiniso, ukuthanda izwe lakubo kwaphazamiseka kancane emgomweni omkhulu.
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I, idikitha eneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha ihlose ukukhonza empini. Kepha ivolontiya elincane alizange lidlulisele iziqu zobudala, ngakho-ke wanikezwa kuphela isihlalo soChauffeur esiphambanweni ebomvu. I-Disney yavuma, futhi yayithumela eFrance. Yebo, akwanele: Ngasikhathi sinye umhlaba waqedwa phakathi kokufika komshayeli phakathi kwamaqembu alwayo, futhi ngokushesha wavele wandizela ekhaya.
Ngemuva kokubuyela empilweni ejwayelekile yeDisney yangena ngokushesha ekubumbeni. Ekuqaleni waya emsebenzini ephephandabeni, kodwa lapho washeshe akhathele - esikhundleni samazwi, isandla sakhe sagijimela okuthile ukudweba okuthile. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha okuphumelelayo kwaba umsebenzi ngumculi eStudio Kinoreclam. Ama-roller wokukhangisa asephenduke indalo yokuqala ye-Disney. Imidwebo emifushane yaphumelela impela, futhi waWalt ngokoqobo wathandana nohlobo olusha lobuciko. Udwebe usuku olude, ezama amasu ahlukile.
Igundane le-Mouse Mickey lidale ukuxabana kukaDisney nomlingani we-Abom Aiverskom - lokhu akulithandi igama lomlingiswa wenkanyezi. Ngenxa yalokho, ad aphume esitudiyo
Uhlaka oluvela kukhathuni "Mickey Mouse kanye Kangaroo"
Ngokusebenzisa i-OSCARS
Imibono yagwinyiswa kakhulu ekhanda likaDisney, futhi amaphrojekthi wokukhangisa ancike ngokucacile. Ukubona ikhathuni kaMax Fleisher mayelana neBetty Bump kanye noFack, wayenesithakazelo esibucayi. Ngemuva kwalokho uWalt Disney wanquma ukuya eHollywood. Kepha bekufanelekile kuphela lapho, wagijimela ngokushesha ezinkingeni eziningi - impela kwakungekho zindawo zama-cinematographs aqalayo, futhi ama-animators ayengadingeki nhlobo. Kepha uWalt akazange anikezele kakhulu, waqala ukuhamba ngezinhlaka lapho ufuna umsebenzi. Futhi ngethuba eliphelele lahlangana nosomabhizinisi ozimele owayesebenza ngamafilimu ashukumisayo. UWalt wasikisela ukuthi akhuthaze imidwebo yakhe enezithombe, futhi inzuzo iyazithathela yona.
Unqume ukusebenzisa inqubo ethokozisayo kahle - wethula iqhawe langempela emhlabeni opopayi. Okokuqala, kwakudingeka ukukhetha uzungu. UWalt kusukela ebuntwaneni bathanda "u-Alice eWonderland", ngakho-ke ngathatha intombazane ebukeka kahle endimeni futhi yaqala umsebenzi. Ekuqaleni wadubula wangempela, wabe eseya egaraji lakhe, lapho ifilimu yayimi khona, yasebenza khona kwifilimu. Wenze eyodwa edwetshwe, ehlanganisiwe ngenganekwane, wayibeka isithombe uqobo. Ngesikhathi sokuqala, "u-Alice" wahlangana ne-bang, kodwa ngemuva kwesikhashana waqala ukufika ezilalelini.
Amakhathuni ngeBear Winnie Pooh animator adale iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu
Uhlaka oluvela kukhathuni "Adventures Winnie Poo"
Ngemuva kwalokho uWalt wanquma ukudala umlingiswa omusha. I-animator ab aversex, umngani osondelene ne-Disney, eza negundane elingumuntu. Kuliqiniso, kungekudala umlingiswa washintsha igama liye e-sonorous futhi elaziwa kahle - uMickey Mouse. Okokuqala ngqa wavela ekhathuni "Mad Plawplane". Kepha bambalwa abantu abakwaziyo ukuthi ukube bekungengenxa yomfazi we-animator, i-Mickey Mouse bekuzoba yintombiso. Kwakuyi-Lilian Disney eyaqinisekisile umyeni wakhe ukuthi igama likaMickey legundane lifaneleke kakhulu. Kamuva, uMinsime waba umphikisi weMickey Maus emzabalazweni wokuthola isithandwa sakhe - uMinnie. Ngendlela, uWalt wayengeyena nje kuphela i-animator, umqondisi kanye nomkhiqizi, naye wazibonakalisa ekwenzeni izwi. Kusukela kwakhiwa iMickey kuze kube ngo-1947, izwi legundane elinenkanyezi lingelokuhle. Kepha nge-Abom Eivering, kwaphuma ingxabano. Umlingiswa omusha womlingiswa bekungafanele ukwenze lokhu, kodwa uWalt wagcizelela kwakhe. Esikhathini esizayo, ukungqubuzana kwabo kwanda, kwathi ngo-1930 AB kushiye iDisney yavula isitudiyo sayo.
Kepha ngeke sidabuke ... impumelelo kancane kancane igoqa i-Disney. Ngokushesha kwafika u-Oscar wokuqala. Ngo-1932, ikhathuni mayelana negundane elidumile lanikezwa umklomelo ohlonishwayo, futhi bekuwukuqala nje komzila wenkanyezi. Umklomelo oyinhloko we-American Film Academy walethwa kumqondisi amahlandla amabili namashumi amabili nanhlanu, futhi wahlanganyela ekuphakanyisweni kwakhe ngamahlandla amahlanu nesishiyagalolunye! Ngaphezu kwalokho, wanikezwa imiklomelo emithathu eyenzelwe yona ngqo. Owokuqala ekwakhiweni kweMickey Maus, owesibili - ngomnikelo womculo kumafilimu anezithombe, okwesithathu kwenziwa yikhathuni "elimhlophe leqhwa kanye nemifudlana eyisikhombisa". Iqoqo le-animator libuye "Golide Golide" emihlanu, imiklomelo emibili ye-Bafta nemiklomelo emibili yeCannes Film Festival. Ngokwenani eliphelele lokunqoba kwe-Cinematic Discories yeWalt Disney ingelinye labantu ababizwa kakhulu emlandweni wobuciko bomhlaba.
Esikhundleni esithi "Iqhwa eliphelele" eliphindaphindeka lisebenzise ukwamukelwa okusha: wafundisa izinhlamvu ukuthi zihlabelele futhi zidanse
Ifreyimu evela kukhathuni "imhlophe yeqhwa"
By the way, ingqophamlando ebalulekile empilweni kaDisney ixhumeke neqhwa lonke. Ngo-1937, wanquma ukucabanga ngezinga elikhulu futhi wadala nje ikhathuni, kodwa isithombe esiphelele esigcwele esigcwele. Wahlala cishe ihora nesigamu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalingiswa abakule ndebe baqala baculwa futhi badansa, okwakuhlabeka umxhwele kakhulu izilaleli. I-Disney yaphinde yafuna ukungeza umlingo nobuntwana. Kepha umbono wokudala abasebenzi ababasebenzi bekhathuni obude bebengazithokoziswa ekuqaleni. Ukubopha ukuthi umpheki uzothatha ubude obugcwele, babesho ukuthi lo mbono uzenzele ukwehluleka futhi wahlekisa ngasese. Umqondo ungasikwa kahle empandeni, ngoba i-Disney isuse imali. Umkhawulo wezimali wokukhiqiza uphephekile, futhi uWalt wanquma ukukhombisa ababolekisi inguqulo enzima yefilimu. Ngemuva kokubuka, bajabula futhi bavuma ukwaba imali eyengeziwe ukuqeda umsebenzi. Futhi njengoba kwenzeka, hhayi ngeze.
Kepha enye yediski yakhe yomlingiswa ayikhuthazeli futhi yaze yazama ukumsusa kaningana. Lokhu kuvela kanjani, i-pesk guffy! Akucaci ukuthi akazange akwazi ukumjabulisa uMdali wakhe, kodwa kwaziwa ukuthi wasindisa inhlekelele yakhe yezomnotho ngaleso sikhathi e-US. I-Disney yayingafuni ukulahlekelwa ngabaphindaphindayo bayo futhi ibanikeze umsebenzi oqhubekayo, bavumela ukuba bahlangane futhi baqhubeke nokuphila kwifilimu.
Izindaba ezihlekisayo
Kuyacaca ukuthi uWalt akazange eze nezinhlamvu zakhe ezidumile. Ama-animators amaningi asebenze e-studio, edonsela ugqozi esikweni elidumile lesiko ngaleso sikhathi. Isibonelo, u-Ariel omncane we-Ariel wadonswa esimweni somuntu oneminyaka eyishumi nanye u-Alissa Milano, kuyilapho "indlu yomnikazi wayo endlini" yadutshulwa ngochungechunge. Ngaphezu kokubukeka okufanayo kanye nesici bang, i-mermaid encane yaphinde yamukela ezinye izici nokuziphatha kwe-heroin Milano. Futhi umphumela wayo okhuphuka ezinweleni zamanzi wathathwa ezithombeni zabesifazane baseMelika - usonkanyezi uSally Ryde ngesisindo.
Kwakunezibonelo ezivela kwiKronike Yeselelesi. Isibonelo, abafowethu baseGavs abavela "ezindabeni zedada" babhalwa ngeqembu leBarker-Karpis Gangster Group elikhona ngempela emashumini amathathu, eliholwa nguMama Barker. Kunokuphanga okuningi kwamabhange, ukubulala kanye nokuthathwa ku-akhawunti yabo.
I-heroine yenhliziyo ebandayo "- enye ye-studio yokugcina iyasebenza
Uhlaka oluvela kukhathuni "inhliziyo ebandayo"
Kepha hhayi njalo eWalt kuphela, ngo-1946 wanquma ukukhanyisela ukukhanyiselwa wakhipha ikhathuni "umlando wokuya esikhathini". Ngokubona kwakhe, ngesimo sekhathuni, izihloko ezinkulu zizobe zicace kakhulu esizukulwaneni esisha. Ezinkulumweni ukwenza impilo enempilo, ikhathuni libuke izingane zaseMelika ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu. Lokho ngaphambi kokuqukethwe, bese kulandelwa yi-gynecologist mason hon. Ugcizelele ukuthi ukugcizelelwa kwekhathuni kwenziwa ngokwemvelo kwezinqubo ezenzeka. Kukholakala ukuthi lo mbhalo we-animation ungowokuqala ukuboniswa emphakathini jikelele ngefilimu equkethe igama elithi "vagina".
By the way, inkumbulo yenkonzo ebuthweni ayidluli eDisney ngeze. Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, wasiza izinhlangano eziningana zenhlangano, imidwebo yemfundo efakwe e-US Army, amafilimu e-Propaganda abiza abantu baseMelika ukuthi akhokhe intela, futhi asuse ama-roller ambalwa alwa ne-hitler. I-Disney yaze yabamba iqhaza ekudubuleni uchungechunge lweCosmonautics Emibhalo ye-NASA futhi, kanye nozakwabo, ihlele i-Anti-Commist Motion Motion Motion Moderiance, ekhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwezinhloso zaseMelika. Yebo, uWalt wayengumphakathi oqinisekisayo futhi akazange aphuthume ukuba abhale ukugwetwa kozakwabo eHollywood. Mhlawumbe babasole ngempela, kodwa mhlawumbe, bavele baqede izimbangi.
Umuntu ohlala ezomuntu siqu
Naphezu kokuthandwa kwabalingiswa babo, i-disney ngokwayo ihlala iyinto eyimfihlo. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi impilo yakhe yonke wanikela amakhathuni kanye nesitudiyo sakhe. Ngisho nonkosikazi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo uxhumekile ngqo. Induna kaWalt kwakuyintombazane egama linguLilian Marie Bonds. I-Slender, umfowethu omncane wasebenza njengonobhala estudiyo nango-1924 kwaba phakathi kwalabo ababemenyelwe emshadweni womfowethu Walt. Lapho, wahlangana ne-animator edumile. UWalt noLilian bahlangane isikhathi esingangonyaka bashada ngo-1925 esontweni elincane e-Idaho. E-altare, umakoti wahola umalume wakhe, lokhu uBaba Lilian wayegula ngaleso sikhathi. Abazali bakwaWalt abakwazanga ukuza emshadweni nakancane. Abalingani bafuna ngempela ukuba nezingane, kepha uLilian akakwazanga ukukhulelwa isikhathi eside. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili yokwelashwa, kwagcina imizamo eminingi ephumelele, kodwa ukukhulelwa kokuqala, ngeshwa, kwaphela ngokuphuphuma kwesisu. Kepha owesibili waphumelela: Indodakazi kaDiana Marie yavela emndenini we-Disney (manje manje, umsunguli wemnyuziyamu ogama lakhe linguyise ngemuva kukaYise), bese uSharon Meyi, abashaye abashadikazi.
Efilimini "Gcina uMnu. Amabhange" aphindaphindeka adlalwa uTom Hanks. Lesi sithombe saphakanyiselwa u-Oscar neGolden Globe
Uhlaka oluvela kwifilimu "Gcina Mnumb Banks"
Naphezu komthwalo omkhulu womsebenzi emsebenzini, lonke isikhathi sakhe samahhala waWalt enikelwe emndenini. Ngelinye ilanga, wahamba namadodakazi, wacabanga ukuthi kungaba kuhle ukwakha indawo lapho izingane zingaba nentshisekelo kuzo. Ngakho-ke "i-Disneyland" yavela, eyaba umbuso wangempela wokuzijabulisa. Manje amapaki anjalo awavuleki kuphela e-United States, kodwa naseFrance, eJapan, eSpain namanye amazwe. Ngale ndlela, ngokutholwa kwe-Disneyland, abasebenzi bakhe benqatshelwe ukuthwala izintshebe. "Azikho izinwele ezinde, amadevu kanye nentshebe! Ngeke sivumele umuntu ukuthi athengise imbiza yenkolo ye-hippie engabhalisiwe! " - Ukuphindaphinda kaningiWalt Disney uqobo. Ukuvinjelwa bekuqinile ukuthi ngo-2000 kuphela kwabuyekezwa okokuqala, kuvumela abasebenzi bepaki ukuba bagqoke amadevu amancane amancane.
Ngemuva kokuvulwa kwe- "Disneyland" yokuqala, i-ski resort yabuyiselwa ukwakha i-ski resort eduze nepaki eliphakathi nendawo "sequoia" eCalifornia. Waze wavuma futhi eLesnikov futhi wavumelana noMbusi mayelana nokwakhiwa komgwaqo omusha. Noma kunjalo, umsebenzi wamiswa. Futhi ngemuva kokufa kwe-Disney, abaphathi abasha benkampani banquma ukuthi bangaphatha iphrojekthi eyodwa enkulu kuphela, futhi bakhethe, ngokwemvelo, i-Disneyland, eyayivele ilethe imali engenayo enkulu.
Isiphetho.
UWalt Disney wabulawa umdlavuza we-Fiverenth ka-December 1966. Wayengumlutha wokubhema ngisho nangezinsizakalo zakhe ezimfushane embuthweni. IBillineire yazama kaninginingi ukuyeka, yazama amasu ahlukile, yaya kodokotela nakwezengqondo, kodwa ekugcineni inikelwe. Ngale ndlela, ngemuva kokushona komsunguli, ngenxa yesinqumo esivumayo, isitudiyo sesishiye ngokuphelele isithombe sikagwayi kumakhathuni abo.
Kuneqiniso elilodwa elinelukuluku: ngaphambi nje kokuba kufe kabusha ama-disney akhuhle amagama amabili ephepheni lezinhlangothi - uKurt Russell. KuSulumane uqobo, kuhlala kuyimfihlakalo. Ngesikhathi sokufa kwe-animator kurty eyaziwayo kwakuyingane, futhi yize wayevele engumdlali, engakafinyelelwa. Ngabe uWalt Disney ushoni?
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kokushona kweqhawe lethu, amahemuhemu ayehamba ngentshiseko emaphephandabeni, okusolwa ukuthi ubuhlakani be-cartoon baqandisiwe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akulona iqiniso. Eqinisweni, isidumbu sikaDisney sashiswa, kwathi owokuqala emlandweni we-cryogenic Frost ndoda yenzeka kuphela ngenyanga ngemuva kokushona kwakhe. Noma ngabe wayenemicabango enjalo, akazange abe nesikhathi kancane kancane.
Kodwa-ke, ubungcweti obuphindaphindeka obudaliwe ngabo, futhi uWalt Disney ngokwakhe uzohlala emlandweni waphakade, ngoba ngenxa yalokho ngenxa yalokho washintsha ngokuphelele ukubheka ukuthi ikhathuni lanamuhla libukeka kanjani.