Engxenyeni yobuso, eminye imijikelezo ehlekisayo, ama-chameleons, ikati elihle, elingafakwanga ngokuphelele - konke lokhu kumayelana nokubulawa kwezibuko. Namuhla, izibuko ezimnyama akuzona ukunethezeka, kepha isidingo, hhayi kuphela izakhamizi zedolobha elikhulu. Abasubathi nabalimi, abatakuli kanye nama-cosmonauts, ama-welders kanye nokuqhuma kwe-polar sekuyisikhathi eside enza le ngxenye yemfashini yomfaniswano wabo ochwepheshe. Noma kunjalo, ngathi, izibuko zihlala ziyinto yesitayela somuntu ngamunye, ikakhulukazi ngokufunwa ngezinsuku zehlobo ezicacile. Tshela indaba emnandi yale mininingwane yemfashini, ephenduka ibe nezinkulungwane zeminyaka!
Amadivaysi okuqala aklanyelwe ubuhle obungako ngobuhle, ukuthi kungakanani okufanele uvikele amehlo emisebeni yokushaya amagoli atholakala emgodini wempucuko yabantu, endaweni yeGibhithe lanamuhla. Kumaphiramidi adumile kaFaro Tutankhamon, abavubukuli bathole ilukuluku - futhi babiza kakhulu! - Ukusungulwa. Amatshe amabili e-filigree cut emerald amatshe ancibilikiswe kangangokuba ngakuwo kungenzeka ukuthi abone ukuthi kwenzekani azungeze, axhumeke kahle "ngentambo" ye-stronze emincane. Abaphenyi abangabazi ukuthi: Kwakukhona protochoes phambi kwawo, okusobala, ngokusobala, ojabulele iGibhithe ukwazi. Uziphoxe ngenhlamvu nasezinhlelweni ze-emerald emerald ezithandwa eRoma yasendulo. Ubufakazi obungokomlando bebugcinwe ukuthi uMbusi odumile uNero uthanda ukubheka izimpi ze-gladiator ngohlobo lwe-greennor, owayemunca ingxenye yomhlaba futhi wavumela inkundla ngaphandle kobuhlungu ngaphandle kobuhlungu.
Izingcweti zaseChinese futhi zisebenzise izingilazi "eziluhlaza", iqiniso alilona i-emerald, ne-quartz. Noma kunjalo, ukusungulwa akusenakho indawo yokukhosela. Izikhundla eziphakeme kakhulu kuphela ezingakwazi ukukhokhela ukunethezeka, ikakhulukazi amajaji. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ogwini olunjalo asetshenziswa kangako ukuvikela umbono, njengoba ukuze acashe kubamangalelwa ekubonisweni kobuso. Futhi sibonga abahambi, uMarco Polo uyisengezo esithandekayo sezikhulu zaseChina naseYurophu. Izakhamizi zimane zisebenzise izambulela nezigqoko ukucasha emisebeni - isikhathi seminyaka yobudala, ama-Chinese Ladies akholelwa ukuthi ukukhanya kwelanga kubhubhisa umbala wangempela wamehlo, kuholela ekuphaphemeni kwakhe. Babesaba amantombazane nemibimbi yokuqala, futhi, njengoba sazi namhlanje, lokhu kwesaba bekufanelekile impela.
Kodwa-ke, ukuvikelwa ku-ultraviolet bekungadingeki hhayi kuma-tropics kuphela. Okhokho bezakhamizi zaseNorth North, e-Eskimos, izitembu zamatshe ayigugu azikwazanga ukuziqhayisa, ngakho-ke zeza nendlela yazo yokufihla amehlo elangeni. Babesebenzisa amathambo ezilwane, lapho azingela khona, okwakubona ukubumba kubo. Lapho amamodeli wanamuhla atholakala khona ingilazi, ama-eskimos anquma ama-slots amabili amancanyana. Vele, umklamo onjalo ucishe akhawulele umphumela owonakalisayo wemisebe yelanga, futhi ungathathi hlangothi ngokuphelele.
Ngokuvamile, ama-prototypes wezibuko zanamuhla athola okuningi. Kepha ukukhiqizwa kwabekwa eYurophu eYurophu, ngesikhathi sekwedlule iminyaka. Izingcweti ezaqhamuka nokusetshenziswa kwamatshe ayigugu ahlukene - ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwazo kwancishiswa kakhulu, kepha, ama-alas, izakhamizi ezilula azikwazanga ukukhokhela izibuko ezivela e-emerald, eSapfire noma i-ruby crumb. Ngokushesha izibuko zamakhosi zithathwe yilolu hlelo ku-jeweller: izibuko zazimbozwe ngesendlalelo sokupenda. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, luhlaza okotshani, ekuqaleni okuthandwa kakhulu kusuka kubakhiqizi bamaphoyinti, babhekane nomsebenzi wabo, vele uthi, hhayi indlela engcono kakhulu. Iqiniso ngukuthi i-Green Palette akwazanga ukuthi "ukunqamula" imisebe ekhanyayo (efundwa eyingozi) ye-spectrum. I-gamma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iguquguqukayo ngokwengeziwe, kepha eYurophu yangezikhathi zasendulo, lolu mbala lwaluhlotshaniswa nesayensi yemilingo kanye nomlingo omnyama. Ngisho namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka, ngo-1752, eLondon optic u-Esque (obhekwa njengomsunguli wamaphoyinti wanamuhla) akwazi ukuthengisa kuphela umbhangqwana "ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kuphela. Ukwephulwa kwe- "Solar" Production ngasikhathi sinye kunikezwe uNapoleon Bonaparte, owahlinzeka amabutho akhe emkhankasweni waseGibhithe egcwele izibuko zonke. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi kukhona okungahambanga kahle: Amasosha njalo akhalaza ukuthi ukuvumelanisa okwenzelwe ukuvikela amehlo abo, kwabenza bacishe babe yizimpumputhe.
ILanga Nezinkanyezi
Izibuko ezivela nini ekukhishweni kokunethezeka okumangalisayo zithuthele ohlwini lwezinto ezidingekayo? Izazi-mlando ezibonakalayo zibiza usuku oluqondile: Kwenzeka ngo-1891, lapho kutholwe imodeli ye-Aviaters edumile kwi-counter, ihloselwe abashayeli bezithuthuthu nabahamba ngamabhayisekili. Babefana nezibuko kubashayeli bezindiza: okukhulu, ukuvala ingxenye yobuso, edwetshwe ngethoni ephuzi noma e-orange. Vele, kwakuyi-prototype yama- "avitor" yamanje, kepha izici ezijwayelekile ziqagelwa ngaphandle kwemibandela. Ngo-1911, okuthiwa yi-auto-glass bekuvele kuthengiswa ezitolo ze-Optics, ingilazi yabashayeli bezimoto abasanda kufakwa.
Imfashini izibuko (kanye nezinto eziningi ezintsha) zethulwe izinkanyezi ze-cinema. Abalingisi nabalingisi be-movie ethule baqala ukuvela yonke indawo ezingilazini ezinkulu ezinezibuko ezimnyama, ukuheha ukunakwa komphakathi. Amaphuzu asengomunye wezimpawu zempilo enempilo. Futhi-ke, kwakungewona ngaphandle kwethonya likaCoco Chanel, owaqala ngentshiseko isengezo semfashini kumaqoqo akhe. Emashumini amathathu, ikhulu lamashumi amabili, ingilazi ibihlangabezana nenguquko yangempela futhi yaqala kakhulu njengamamodeli esiwagqokayo namuhla. Sikhuluma ngokusungulwa komhlaba we-Edfin. Wathola indlela yokukhiqiza isihlungi esibizwa ngokuthi yi-polaroid, esivikela amehlo hhayi elangeni kuphela, kodwa futhi kusukela kukhanya. Ngakho-ke indaba yeBausch & Loms nePolaroid Brands yaqala. Ukunqotshwa kokugcina kwemakethe kwenzeka ngemuva kokuya komoya wase-US
Ngemuva kwempi yezwe yesibili, uMilyn Monroe no-Audrey Hepburn bafihle izibuko ezimnyama. Amaphoyinti asephenduke ingxenye ebalulekile ye-Wardrobe Superstar, futhi isizathu salokhu bekungeyona engathandeki kangako ukuxhumana nePaparazzi, kungakanani isidingo sokufihla emphakathini ... Iqiniso ngukuthi amadivaysi okukhanyisa kumasayithi wokudubula (i-Irony of Fate!) Light the rays ye-UV, uvutha nesikhumba, ne-retina. I-BUNTARI Thunder Misties yaphenduka izibuko ezimnyama edwaleni langempela. Kwanele ukukhumbula izithombe Ringo Starr, Andy Warhol nge yakhe Museum Edid Sedgevik, Lou Reed, Ozzy Osborne futhi-John Lennon nge Yoko. Lesi sakamuva sasigqoka ifreyimu ebonakalayo eyindilinga engenakuqhathaniswa emnyama emshadeni wakhe.
Ngokumangazayo izindiza ezidumile futhi kuze kube namuhla zihlala ziyimodeli ethandwa kakhulu ukuthi yonke imikhiqizo yemfashini ikhiqizwa kabusha, kusuka ku-polaroid ku-max mara ne-dolce & Gabbana. Kepha lezi zingilazi ezinkulu, eziphambene nenkolelo ethandwayo, ziye kude nawo wonke umuntu. Ngakho-ke, gqoka ngesibindi "abashayeli bezindiza" uma unobuso obukhulu obuqili, isikwele noma ukwakheka okungunxande kwezihlathi. Kepha unenhlanhla nge-oval enhle kakhulu kungcono ukukhetha i-waifera engaphansi. Izingilazi eziyindilinga eziyindilinga zihambe kude nazo zonke - ngakho-ke lapho ukhetha umugqa, gxila kulokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kukaLennon naku. Ukuthwala imicu ye "Harry Potter", kufanele ube nobuso obuncanyana, obukhulu ngezinto ezicashile.