Asiphulukani njani nebhayisekile
"I-tie" yi-tile yakudala esilahlekileyo. Igama elingenisiweyo alingenisi nje ebomini bethu, irhoxisile into esinokuyiqhayisa ngayo ngokulungileyo. Ngapha koko, kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, kwabakho igama elahlukileyo eRussia. "Tie": Iplate yodongwe otshisiweyo igutyungelwe yimodeli yokuphumla okanye i-glaze enemibala. Nangona kunjalo, ookhokho bethu babedale ubugcisa bokwenyani besebenzisa iithayile. Hayi kumazwe amaninzi ungabona ulwakhiwo, olunzima kakhulu, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha luyahonjiswa ngolwimi olufakelweyo.
Ingca Mooorova ye "Imbovane" Boie
Ukuveliswa kweMithombo yeCeramic yokuhombisa amathakhiwo kunye neecawe, izitovu (kwaye emva koko imililo) ithathwa njengenye yezona zinto zinobugcisa bahlukile. Ipasile amanqanaba amathathu. Ekuqaleni, ababumbi bahlengahlengiswa ukwenza iithayile ezibomvu ezibizwa ngokuba ziipleyiti ezibomvu - iipleyiti ze-ceramic ezineepateni ezibonakalayo. Benziwa besebenzisa iimilo eziqhutywa enkuni, ezifakwe ngokuqinileyo kunye nobunzima bedongwe. (I-ceramics enjalo kumaXesha Aphakathi yaba luthoba endaweni efanelekileyo abakhi abanokutshintshwa ngakumbi kwitsinte enkulu kakhulu.) Emva koko, i-testers eyahlukileyo "eguqukayo". Isisombululo se "glasi" esikhethekileyo "seglasi" sasetyenziswa kumphezulu wabo wangaphandle, onike i-gestry ehlekisayo emva kokudubula, enkosi apho le tiles i-thayile kwaye ichaza i-Epic Russian "i-Grav-Muraba"). Kodwa "ukunyuka kobukumkani obuluhlaza" kwavela ukuba kufutshane.
Sele ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeXvii. Iinkosi zaseRussia zisakwazi ukuvelisa i-Multicolor (ebizwa ngokuba ziithayile ezisebenzayo). Itekhnoloji yemveliso yabo isasazeke kuthi ngenxa ye-abbot ye-visky ye-visky kwi-valdei wikonou. Wamema ukuba ahombise izakhiwo zeGarsian Gonwars obaleke kwi-rus evela eLithuanians. Abazalwana baseSlav babekwazi ukuba bapheka "Ukunkcenkceshela", emva kokudubula kunika i-enamel yentyatyambo emhlophe, eblowu, etyheli kunye neGreen-Turquoise abafundi baseRussia.
Ukusuka phakathi kweelebhu zethu, inkosi yangaseStann "kwi-Hambes" ifanelwe nguFama okhethekileyo. Kukholelwa ukuba ngulowo waba nguMdali wohlobo olupheleleyo lweethayile ezifanelekileyo, ezifumene igama elikhethekileyo: "I-Pavlinje okyo" (ipateni ye-multiclor kwezi zifana neliso ngalinye kwi umsila wepikoko).
I-monastery - Umthengi Obuhle
EMoscow, okokuqala, ukuqaphela ukunkcenkceshela i-ceramics ihombise itempile kaBathathu Emnye e-winnics, eyakhiwe ukusuka kwi-1670s, ukuveliswa kwesininzi kwezinto zokugcina isixeko . Ubuchule boMsebenzi oQhelekileyo bokwakha i-capital igcinwe kakhulu - i-Pokrovsky ye-Izmalov, iCawe ye-Grigory eNiko, icawe egciniweyo yentombi yombumbi. Nangona kunjalo, i Eyona nto ikhethekileyo, hayi ukuba ne-analogues yi-tentty teremok.
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeXvii. Kwiibhanki zomlambo waseMoscow, kufutshane ne-Novo Stastestery Monastery, ububanzi beecawa namagumbi amaKratytsky bakhiwe. Phantse zonke izakhiwo zisetyenziswe apha njengezinto zokuhlobisa, ubudlelwane, kodwa enye yezakhiwo zisami kulo mqolo. Umyili we-Ospher of Osip yabadala wakha ngaphezulu komnyango ongaphambili - amasango angcwele eTeremok, oPhezulu-ezantsi, iikholamu ezininzi, iiplagi zeflethi, ezigqunywe yikhaphethi yethayile! Akukho nto ifana nathi, okanye kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu awuyi kudibana.
Ukongeza kwizixeko zokuqala, izixeko ezininzi zaseRussia zinokubizwa ngokuba zizakhiwo ezinomdla, ezihonjiswe ngeethayile: Yaroslavl, Rtyroma, i-gocma, i-volocda, i-Solvlo, i-Solvlo, i-Solvlovy kufutshane ne-moscow. Isityalo kunye nokuhonjiswa kwejometri, imifanekiso ye-serafimo yesikwere amathandathu Intabalala yokunkcenkceshela i-ceramic ngokuhlonitshwa kwetempile yovuko, intsimbi yentsimbi, i-Skita kasolusapho inyanzeliswa kombutho weethayile ezizezinye, ezaziqhubeka zisebenza kunye neminyaka emininzi. Izukisiwe kwilizwe lonke.
Chemistry-alchemy
Sebenza ekudalweni kweethayile ezinemibala kufuna ulwazi lweemfihlo ezininzi zobungcali. Nangona ukusuka kwinqanaba lokujonga amachiza lemichiza, inkqubo icacile kakhulu: Ukuqulunqwa okusekwe kwi-Cobalt Oxide kunika, umzekelo, xa ushushu "kwiGreeds ... Nangona kunjalo, i-nuess ibalulekile ngexesha lokusebenza . Umzuzu ngamnye owongezelelweyo wokudubula, isidanga esiphezulu sonke sinokutshintsha kakhulu umbala wombala kwindawo efanelekileyo. Kwaye umthombo wezinto ezenziwa ngumbala we-pebble-Iisfowni, ezo aresshans zafunyanwa ezibhankini zemilambo, emva koko zatyumza-i-peat ukuya kwi-powder-kunye nemfihlakalo eqinileyo. Ngawaphi amatye athethwayo?
Ubunyani bendawo bubaluleke kakhulu - udongwe olufanayo, apho iitephu zibunjiwe khona. Umzekelo, ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali kumbindi we-Asiya ahluke kakhulu kule "glinka", eyayisetyenziswa ziinkosi ezivela kwintsimi yaseRussia yaseRussia. Ngenxa yoko, yavela: ukuba awuthathi iiqhinga ezongeziweyo, kwi "Asiya" lemifanekiso ethi "Asiya", kungcono ukuqhubeka nokunkcenkceshela, ukunika umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nodongwe oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kunye nodongwe lwethu olumiselweyo ukuba lusebenze kwakhona .
Isitovu seRussia, sibophe
ERussia, kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, kwabakho ifashoni yokusetyenziswa kweepleyiti ze-ceramic ezihle zokugqiba iziko.
Ukujonga iithayile ze-chimney ze-chimney zeXvii, unokuzibona iipateni ezahlukeneyo - iiprifsi ezimbini ze-veral, i-riflic rifses, i-riffic ye-geral, i-peter rifmes ... ishishini le-Veter ". Sele sele inesiko eRussia, i-maticofed maitoyoliki ayiphefumlelwanga nguye, kwaye ke yona inguMongami i-Word: Ukususela ngoku, kukho i-chimney tires '-kunye ne-Chimney kuphela "-ngobuso obugudileyo bugqunywe nge-a Iphepha lokupeyinta, lwenziwe kwisikimu sombala oqinileyo kakhulu. Ukuseka ukukhutshwa kweemveliso ezinjalo, umlawuli watsho ukuba bayalelwa ukuba banxibelelane nemeko yezibini zeSwedes ezithathwe ngexesha lephulo lomkhosi. Nangona kunjalo, kwavela ukuba ibe yinto encinci kwezi scandinavies. Kwakufuneka sithumele uninzi lwezinto zethu ezinokubakho ukuze kufundwe ukuya eHolland.
Iithayile ezihonjiswe isibuko sezixhobo ezininzi kwizindlu zaseRashiya ze-xviiiii-biis kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo. Mhlawumbi ayinanto ixabisekileyo, kodwa zinokufundwa ". Iipleyiti ze-cemare kunye ne-cemalar cemaraund zihlala zigutyungelwe nge-icing emhlophe, kunye nomfanekiso wengca eyahlukileyo kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zabantu, izilwanyana kunye neentaka ziboniswa luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Yintoni engeyiyo apha! Abalinganiswa abahle: I-Unicorn, intaka i-birin, ihashe elinamaphiko; Izilwanyana, esele zikhona: crane, ibhere, indlovu ephosakeleyo; Ukongeza, unokudibana nemifanekiso yomhlaba: Iinqanawa elwandle, izakhiwo, iintaba ...
Ifashoni yayikwi "Taps" kunye "nendalo yomntu". Kwiithayile zemifanekiso, amagcisa akhutshiwe ngononophelo, amanani, iinkcukacha zeengubo kunye nezixhobo. Iipleyiti ezininzi zinomfanekiso weziganeko ezahlukeneyo zobomi, ngamanye amaxesha zinombhalo ohlekisayo, i-anecdotal. Apha, umzekelo, utyikityo phantsi komzobo lomntu ophethe intonga yokuloba: "Vaska, Tashchi Soma! "Ke akandithembi!". Kwakukho imfuno enkulu yeeseti ze-chimples ezipeyintiweyo ezinikezelwe kubantu baphesheya. Kwindlela nganye enjalo "ye-nethnographic, phantsi komfanekiso womntu, inkosi yombhalo obhaliweyo:" UCalrier Gispansky "," Aponschant "...