Konke kwaqala nge- "elixir yokungafi". Ukwakhiwa kwento emangalisa kangaka iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane edlule, izindela zamaTaoist zibandakanyeka ezindela ezinzima. Bazama ukuxuba izinto ezahlukene, bahlukana nezilinganiso zabo, zifudumele, zipholile. Umphumela wawungalindelekile: Abahloli "bajabule" i-powder yomnyama, okuthi, lapho idonswa nokwakhe kanye ne-rumble, yabhubhisa yonke into ezungezile. Nayi ne-elixir yempilo yaphakade!
"Ukusungula okuphelele" kweChinese: I-Miracle powder yabo (wabizwa ngokuthi yi-Smoky Powder) Aqondiswa ekuqaleni kwezinjongo ezinokuthula, elungiselela umcibisholo okhethekile - izicishamlilo, osephenduke into edingekayo yeholide lenkolo le-New Umhlangano wonyaka. Ukukhulunywa kokuqala komcimbi onjalo kwagcinwa kumarekhodi womunye we-Chinese Chinese Emperor, u-DEAD × 1044 (kepha isampula yezibhamu ngezinhloso zempi yaqhutshwa kuphela ngekhulu le-XII)
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIII, izingcweti zaseChinese zakha izingxube ezintsha, lapho lapho kudonswa khona izingxubevange zikwazi ukudala "umlilo wasezulwini" wemibala ehlukene ngisho nobunjwa obuhlukahlukene. "Imibukiso ethi" Imibukiso "yabangela isivunguvungu phakathi kwabantu bakwamanye amazwe ababevakashele umbuso ongaphansi komhlaba. Yize "indlela" eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-Pyrotechnic" yazi kanjani eChina ngesinye sezimfihlo zomphakathi ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi yavikeleka kakhulu, wonke amasampula afanayo "agxile kakhulu" kwikhulu le-XIV. ngifike eYurophu. Kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi umhambi owaziwa kakhulu waseMedco Polo waba izimfihlo zezimfihlo. Ama-Italians aphenduka abe ama-oxporers ama-yyrotechnic ama-yo alethwe empumalanga. Kwakukuleli lizwe cishe eminyakeni engama-500 edlule incwadi yanyatheliswa eYurophu ngemiyalo ekusetshenzisweni kwezicishamsebenzisi - "de la pirotexnika".
Uthando lwe-tsarist
Izwe lethu ngokwemibandela yePyrotechnic Fun nge-Middle Ages ayizange ilingene ngemuva komhlaba wakudala. Ezinsukwini zikaDmitry DonSkoy, ngo-1389 eMoscow yethule "amalambu ahlekisayo" (yize kukhiqizwa kwangaphandle). Amakhosi akho "msebenzi womlilo" avele eRussia cishe eminyakeni engama-200 kamuva. Maphakathi nekhulu le-XVI, kwesinye sezimali zokudubula kwasungulwa isikhundla se- "Powder Head", eyayibeka umthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha izicishamlilo ezahlukahlukene, lungisa izindleko ezidingekayo bese uziqhuba ngamaholide.
Iziqhumane zokuqala ezinkulu eRussia zenzeka ngemuva kwebhola emcimbini we-18 kaPeter ngo-1690.
Incazelo yesicishamlilo saseRussia isezincwadini ezindala. UHollandets Baltazar Koet, ngokwesibonelo, kwinxusa lakhe elilotshiwe "uConrad Van Klenka emaKhosi u-Aleksey Mikhailovich noFyodor Alekseevich" bakhuluma nge "Noble Fire Fun" eVeliky USTYTUG ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kwabezinye izizwe . Izivakashi zizithokozisile ama-rockets ezinemibala ehlukahlukene "
Ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili seliphendukile leminyaka lezicishamlilo zeRussia. "Izethulo zomlilo" zazihlanganisa hhayi kuphela i-pyrotechnic uqobo, kodwa futhi nokupenda, isithombe, umculo. Lezi zenzo, ezifanele kumasayithi akhethekile, zahlala amahora angama-2-3 futhi kwesinye isikhathi ziye zenzeka ekusebenzeni kwangempela, ezaziqukethe iziqephu ezahlukahlukene. Kwakufanele ngisho nokubhala imibono ekhethekile - ukuze izilaleli zingadideki ezinhlangothini zokuhlakanipha ... "Abantu ababambele" babeyizindleko ezenziwe ngokhuni nangezindleko "ze-pyrotechnic". Imvamisa benziwa iselula futhi phakathi nesethulo 'seza empilweni ", bathuthela esikhaleni esinamashumi basebenzi.
UPetr ngabhekwa njengothandisi omkhulu wezicishamlilo. Emuva ngoFebhuwari 1690, lapho kuqashelwa iminyaka engu-18 yenkosi encane, "icala elincane elingakaze libonwe. Kwakuyisicishamlilo esikhulu kunazo zonke eRussia. Ubiza ukwenziwa kwama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi (ukuqhathanisa: inkomo bese ibiza ama-ruble ama-3 kuphela). Ngenxa yobuciko bama-powder masters, isibhakabhaka savela, ngokwesibonelo, isithombe somlilo esibonakalayo - i-hercules, ukudiliza umlomo webhubesi ...
I-Tsar Reformer yahlangana kwilabhulali yakhe yangasese ayinazo zonke izincwadi ezikuPyrotechnics, ama-Screwches aqoshiwe ezinhlamvu zomlilo, imidwebo ephelele ye-pyrotechnic kanye "ngaphezu kwalokho, uPhetro wasungula" isikhungo esikhethekile ". Lapho, ngo-1707, kwenziwa i-Signal Rocket, eyayingakhuphuka ibe yikhilomitha elilodwa ukuya kukhilomitha elilodwa ngemali ekhokhiswayo!
Ngibonga uPeter aleksevich, "amalambu ahlekisayo" aphenduke abe yimfanelo ephoqelekile yanoma yimuphi umkhosi omkhulu. Yilesi siqukathi esingenakuzithoba emiphumeleni yekhulu le-XVII ebheke ukukhanya konyaka omusha futhi ukhiqize ubumnandi obuvuthayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke ama-fireworks amasha avamile anomthwalo othile we-semantic. Kunjalo, wafingqa unyaka wokugcina futhi wakhunjuzwa ngemicimbi esemqoka - okokuqala, ngokweqiniso, mayelana nezempi.
Isibonelo, amalambu ahlekisayo akhanyiselwe ngoJanuwari 1, 1710, anikezelwe ekunqobeni inkosi yaseSweden Karl XII lapho poltava. Ababukeli bancoma imidwebo eminingana engokomfanekiso: "Itshe Lezintaba, eliyisimo saseSweden. Ibhubesi eliphuma entabeni yibutho laseSweden. Insika enomqhele, obonisa isimo sasePoland (...) kwaqhamuka ukhozi lapho kwavela khona i-Eagle ukuvikela izinsika, okuyibutho laseRussia, futhi lihlukaniswe ngezulu elikhulu ngomcibisholo ovuthayo ... "
"Ukugcotshwa" kusuka eLomonosov
Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XVIII. Ngokuya ngedivayisi "yamalambu ahlekisayo" nokukhanyiselwa, iRussia isivele ifikile kuwo wonke amanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ngaphezulu kwentuthuko yemiphumela emisha yePyrotechnic yakwazi ukuthola ngisho nangokwaziwa eLomonosov yethu yendawo yonke. Ngoku-oda kwe-Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (odla ifa lothando olunothando lwe- "fire play"), kwadingeka abhekane "nokuqondiswa" - ukuqamba iziza ze- "Tiny Action" elandelayo, futhi kwezinye izikhathi Bhala izinkondlo zezethulo ezinhle zePyrotechnic, lungiselela imidwebo yendawo yokubuka nezibalo ...
Kodwa-ke, okuthakazelisa kakhulu usosayensi kwakukhona, ukugcwala "kwamakhemikhali. Ngenxa yezilingo eziningi zelabhorethri, uLomonosov wakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amarokhethi aqhume kakhulu, futhi izinhlansi zezihlangu ezivela emithonjeni evuthayo ziba khona phezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yezifundo zeMikhail Vasilyevich ziye kwindabuko kuze kube yilapho i-pore, emhlophe, ephuzi, owolintshi, ososayensi ebhalwe ngo-1756, ososayensi babhala: "Usosayensi wabhala:" Usosayensi ubhale ngo-1756, elebhu UClementeV ngaphansi kokubukeka kwami ufuna ukuqondisa kwami, ukuthi ungakwenzela kanjani izicishamlilo ezigibela izinkanyezi eziluhlaza ... ") INtshonalanga Yurophu yathola le mfihlo evela eRussia.
Kamuva, ngekhulu le-XIX, imfashini yezicishamlilo saya ngokusobala, futhi ngawo-1930s, kwakungekho mkhondo wobukhulu bokuba bomlilo ". Ngisho namaholide abaluleke kakhulu ezweni asenzile empeleni ngaphandle kwemihlobiso yePyrotechnic. Kuliqiniso, kusukela ngo-1943, ama-muscovites ayenethuba lokuncoma imikhonzo emlilweni uMorrrti, ahlele umcimbi wokunqoba kwamasosha kanye "nezinsuku zekhalenda ezibomvu".