Uyini umzimba womuntu? Izitho zangaphakathi nangaphandle, amanzi - sonke safunda ezifundweni zesikole anatomy. Elinye ingxenye yomzimba liwukuphakanyiswa kwama-microorganisms akha amagciwane - "Alien" bacteriacteria emzimbeni wonke, okuthi, ngenkathi ahlala eshidini esele, asisize ukuba sibe nempilo. Umzimba womuntu uqukethe izigidigidi zamaseli akhethekile - amabhlogo wokwakha amancane aqoqwe ndawonye ukuze alondoloze ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusebenza komzimba. Kepha amaseli womuntu akuzona kuphela "izinto zokwakha", lapho imizimba yethu iqukethe khona. Eqinisweni, siphila ku-symbiosis ngama-microorganisms trillion. Kumayelana nathi esizokutshela yona namuhla.
Umbono wososayensi kule akhawunti
Abaphenyi sekuyisikhathi eside baxoxa ngengxenye yesilinganiso samaseli abantu kanye nama-microorganisms emzimbeni ngokwesilinganiso. Ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene, kepha isifundo sokugcina esinikezelwe esifundweni salo magazini, okuvele ku-plos biology ngonyaka we-2016, kuphakamisa ukuthi sinawo emzimbeni nasemzimbeni ongama-microorganisms amaningi njengamaseli abantu. Ngaphezu kwamagciwane kanye namagciwane, lawa magciwane ahlanganisa imivubukulo, izinto zakudala ngaphandle komgogodla, kanye ne-eukaria, thayipha ngomgogodla ovikela ama-chromosomes awo. Bonke bendawonye bakha ama-microbiotes ahlukahlukene: imiphakathi yama-microorganisms akhona ezindaweni ezahlukene emzimbeni womuntu noma emzimbeni wayo.
Ukungalingani kwamagciwane emzimbeni kubangela ukwephulwa
Photo: Unsplisish.com.
Kungani ama-bacterium ebalulekile empilweni
Ama-microbiotes ahlukahlukene ahlukahlukene angumuntu: inhlanganisela yemiphakathi microorganisms ifinyelela kuwo wonke umzimba womuntu. Ukuqongelelwa kwama-microorganisms ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomzimba kudlala indima ebalulekile ekugcinweni kwempilo yethu - yize kubalulekile ukuthi lokhu kudingekile ukuthi inani lezinhlobo ezahlukene zamagciwane, i-fungi kanye nezinye izinto ezincane zisele ekhasini elisele. Lapho le esele yephulwa futhi, ngokwesibonelo, uhlobo oluthile lwamagciwane lukhethwe ngokweqile, kungaholela ezifweni nasezinye izinkinga zempilo. Lesi sici sichaza izidalwa ezahlukahlukene ezihlala emathunjini, emlonyeni, esithweni sangasese sangasese sangasese nangesibeletho, ipenisi, isikhumba, amehlo namaphaphu.
Imvelo yamathumbu
I-medium exoxwe ngayo kakhulu yekoloni ama-microorganisms, ikakhulukazi ama-bacteria, amathumbu omuntu. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ipheshana lesisu labantu liqukethe "iqoqo lamagciwane abanzi, ama-archey kanye ne-eukaryot", abadlala indima ebalulekile e-Homestasis yaseSestine, esiza ukusekela impilo yepheshana lesisu. Ucwaningo luphinde lwabonisa ukuthi amagciwane amathumbu athambisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwamathumbu nobuchopho ngokuxhumana nohlelo lwamathumbu namanye amasu angaba ama-hormonal noma amebinical. Izinhlobo eziphambili zama-bacterial emathunjini zingama-firticicics kanye nama-bacterioideres, ezakha ama-microbitos angama-90% amathumbu. Ezinye zingama-actonoyia, ama-proteobacteria, fusobacterua kanye neVerrucomicRobia. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amanye ama-bacteri ajwayelekile noma ukubeletha okuvela ku-genus filecticic, njenge-lactobacillus, eyaziwa ngomphumela wayo omuhle empilweni. Lolu hlu, noma kunjalo, alupheli. Ngokusho kwemininingwane ehlanganisiwe, kunezinhlobo zamagciwane acishe abe ngu-2172 epheshana lesisu.
Amanye ama-microorganisms akhona emathunjini angamagciwane, kepha hhayi lezo ezivame ukudala izifo. Lolu hlobo, olubizwa ngokuthi "ama-bacterioophages" - ngokoqobo, abadla amagciwane - abasiza ukugcina ibhalansi ye-microbial ngokuthwebula imisebenzi yangaphakathi yamagciwane. Ama-bacteriophages "akha iningi lengxenye yegciwane le-microbioma yamathumbu," futhi abaphenyi bathi ingxenye yengxenye yabo ukuthelela amagciwane athile ukuze alondoloze ibhalansi enempilo yama-microorganisms asesisukwini. Noma kunjalo, iningi labo lihlala liqondakala kabi.
Ama-microorganisms emlonyeni
Njengasemathuneni, umlomo uqukethe namagciwane amaningi adingekayo e-Holoostasis. "Uhla olubanzi lwama-microorganisms lukhona emgodini womlomo. Kuxhumene njalo futhi, njengoba kukhonjisiwe, esengozini yemithelela yemvelo, "chaza ababhali bokubuyekezwa okushicilelwe ejeni le-Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology ngo-2019. Baqhubeka, baphawula ukuthi "izindawo ezahlukahlukene emlonyeni zitholwa ikakhulu yigciwane lomthambo womlomo," kuya ngohlobo lwendawo, lapho zinamathela khona, ngokwesiko, izihlathi noma amazinyo. I-microbiota ye-cavity yomlomo iqukethe izinhlobo eziyi-12 ze-bacterial - ama-filicicic, ama-fusobacteria, ama-bacteobacteres, i-chlacydiaeme, i-chloroflexi, i-synergisteres, i-saccharibacteria, nezinhlobo eziningana eziqanjwe noma ezinamagama afanayo. Kepha umlomo utholakala namanye ama-microorganisms, okungukuthi okulula, okuvame kakhulu kuwo yi-entamoeba gingivalis kanye ne-trichomonas tenax, kanye namakhowe nama-vishses. E-cavity yomlomo kunama-generics angama-85 amakhowe, kufaka phakathi uCandida, uCladoSporium, i-aureobasidium, i-saccharomycetales, i-aspergillus, i-fusarium ne-cryptococcus. "[I-Microbiotha ye-Oral Cavity] idlala indima enqumayo ekulondolozeni i-homestasis ye-cavity yomlomo, ukuvikelwa komlomo kanye nokuvimbela izifo," Bhala ababhali bokubuyekezwa kwango-2019.
Izindawo Zabesifazane Urogenital
Izindlela zangasese nezindlela zokuchama nazo ziqukethe inani elikhulu lama-microorganisms. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi eVagina "bacterium babusa", yize amagciwane futhi amanani alula kakhulu ukuwaphendula. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisa ukuthi isibalo sabantu bamagciwane esithweni sangasese sowesifazane asikwazi ukukhipha kuphela ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zomjikelezo wokuya esikhathini, kodwa futhi zingahluka kubantu bezinhlanga ezahlukahlukene nezinhlanga. Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhaktheriya akhonjwe emseleni wangasese zifaka i-laginal calal zifaka i-lactobacilli, i-provotella, ukudicilela phansi, i-gardnella, iMegasphara, i-Eggerthella ne-Aerococcus. "I-Microbiota Human Vagina idlala indima ebalulekile ekuvinjelweni kwezifo eziningi ze-urogenitanital, ezinjengezifo zamagciwane, izifo zemvubelo, izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi, ukutheleleka nge-HIV," kusho ukubuyekezwa kwe-PNAS. Kungakho ochwepheshe beluleka ukuthi babonise ukuqapha ngokweqile uma kukhulunywa ngenhlanzeko ebusayo: Imikhiqizo eminingi ingabhubhisa ibhalansi yegciwane elincanyana kule ndawo. Odokotela bancoma ukugeza izitho zangasese zangaphandle ngamanzi ngaphandle kwensipho kaningana ngosuku, noma usebenzise izindlela nge-acidified medium.
Mayelana namagciwane ezitho zangazi namanje akwaziwa
Photo: Unsplisish.com.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuncane kwaziwa nge-microbiota yesibeletho. Ososayensi baqala ukufunda le nkinga muva nje. Isifundo esisodwa sikhombise ukuthi i-lactobacillus ne-flavobacterium baphenduke amagciwane ajwayelekile esibelethweni, kungakhathalekile ukuthi umfazi ukhulelwe. Okuncane kuyaziwa nangokuthi ama-microbistesteestere of the old bladder kanye ne-urethra. Ocwaningweni olushicilelwe ngombono wamanje ku-Urology ngo-2017, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi "iningi lezifundo zezempilo ze-Uchatsing zezempilo zenziwa ngaphandle kolwazi noma metering of umchamo microbiotha." Ngemuva kwezifundo zakamuva, kwavela ukuthi izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zamagciwane e-urethra yabesifazane zingamaCartnerLacul, zilandelwa yiGardnerlella, i-corynebacteractel, i-streptococcus ne-staphylococcus. Abalobi besipiliyoni esisodwa babeka i-hypothesis ukuthi abantu abasebenza ngamagciwane ngowesifazane ophansi besifazane bangahlukahluka ngokuya ngeminyaka yobulili nokuthi umuntu ongenile kokuya esikhathini noma cha.
Izindawo zamadoda irogenital
Uma abacwaningi bebengakabi bikho kancane nge-microbiota yezifunda zabesifazane ze-Urogenicali, zibonakala zibazi ngisho nangokwengeziwe ngalawo magciwane akhona esifundeni samadoda e-Urogenital. Olunye ucwaningo olwenziwe ngonyaka ka-2010 lwembula umehluko emiphakathini yama-microbial ngesikhathi sokusoka ngokuqhathaniswa namakhosi angasokile esikweni elizimele locwaningo. Ngokucacile, amagciwane omndeni we-Sterididiales kanye ne-Pvorotelaceae kwavela ukuthi kuvame kakhulu kumalungu oGabilitali angasikiwe. Abalobi bephephandaba baphawula ukuthi umehluko onjalo ungadlala indima ekuvuvukeni nasekuchayweni kwezifo. "Kumadoda aqhekekile, amagciwane amaningi athe xaxa ku-dick yezocansi, futhi izinhlobo zamagciwane ziyehluka kakhulu," kusho uDkt Cindy Liu's Collpse engxoxweni.
Esikhunjeni
Njengasemathuneni, isikhumba somuntu sinamagciwane amaningi namakhowe. Ekubuyekezweni okushicilelwe ephephabhukwini I-Natural Ukubuyekezwa Microbiology ngo-2018, kuchazwa ukuthi abantu bamagciwane bahluke kakhulu ezifundeni zesikhumba, njengoba kuncike ezintweni eziningi, njengokuswakama kwesikhumba kanye nenani lamafutha emvelo noma sebum. Ngokusho kokubuyekezwa, "Izindawo ezinamandla ezinqobile zazikhona, kanti amagciwane achuma endaweni emanzi, njenge-staphylococcus kanye ne-corynebacterium, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezimanzi, kufaka phakathi ukugoba kwezindonga nezinyawo."
Ama-microorganism ama-microorganism ajwayelekile kakhulu esikhunjeni somuntu angamagciwane, futhi okungenani okuvamile kukhona amakhowe. Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, kuwo wonke umzimba nakwisikhumba sezandla, amakhowe tution uMalassezia ajwayelekile kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inhlanganisela yeMalassezia, i-Aspergillus, i-Cryptococcus, i-Rhodotorula ne-Epicoccum, phakathi kwabanye, kuvame kakhulu esikhunjeni semilenze.
Amagciwane esikhunjeni angasebenza ukuvimba ukungena kwama-microgenic microoorganisms kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezifo, kuya ngokuthi amakholoni aphethwe yimiphi. Njengoba abalobi bocwaningo belotshwe: "Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamalungu e-Microbiota, bobabili bakha umphakathi wabahleli, futhi bavikele amakoloni ngamagciwane e-pathogenic kule nqubo, elibizwa ngokuthi" ukumelana nokukholwa ". Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, bayaqhubeka, - amagciwane avame ukuba wusizo kwabanikazi bawo angaba ne-pathogenic. Izifo eziningi ezivamile zesikhumba zihambisana nezinguquko e-microbiotha, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-dysbiosis.
Emaphashini
Imvamisa sicabanga ngamagciwane emaphashini kuphela kumongo wezifo zokuphefumula. Kodwa-ke, amagciwane akhona emaphashini aphilile. Ezinye zezinhlobo zamagciwane ezivame kakhulu emaphashini anempilo - ama-fircicites, ama-bacteriotatetes, ama-proteobacteria, fusobacterias kanye ne-actonOBarteria, ngokuya ngokubuyekezwa kusuka ngo-2017. Lapho ibhalansi emincane ye-bacterial yabantu emaphashini iphukile, kungaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo ezinjengesifo somoya nesifo esingama-pulmonary. Isibonelo, nge-asthma, inani lamagciwane uHaemophilus kanye ne-neisseria liyanda, futhi inani le-pvorotella neVeillonella liyancipha. Lokhu kufakazela i-hypothesis ukuthi i-lubbioma ye-lung microbioma kungaba imbangela enkulu ye-asthma. Iqembu elihambisa isibuyekezo sika-2017 ligcizelela isidingo sokuqhubeka nokufunda izindlela ezihlobene ne-microbiosa ezingathinta impilo yamaphaphu, ziphawula ukuthi "izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zibhekele ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamagciwane, amagciwane namakhowe."
I-microbis yomuntu uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi, futhi abaphenyi bayaqhubeka nokufunda okwengeziwe ngeqhaza lakhe elibalulekile empilweni yabantu kanye nezifo zalo. Esikhathini esizayo, ososayensi bafuna ukuntshontsha bajule ezimfuleni zale micrososm.