Momwe Sititaya Njinga ya Brande
"Mangani" ndi matabwa akale omwe tidataya. Mawu ogulitsidwa sangolowa m'miyoyo yathu, yathetsa zomwe tikananyadira kuti tingakhale olondola. Kupatula apo, kwazaka zambiri, panali mawu osiyana ku Russia. "Mangani": Mbale ya dongo lokutidwa ndi mpumulo kapena utoto wokongola. Komabe, makolo athu adapanga zaluso kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito matailosi. Osati m'mayiko ambiri mutha kuwona zomangamanga, zimakonda kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zokongoletsedwa bwino ndi zilankhulo.
Udzu moorova wa "nyerere"
Kupanga Zinthu Zokongoletsa Zapadera ndi Mipingo, ma stove (kenako malo oyaka moto) amadziwika kuti ndi aluso aluso odziwika kwambiri ku Russia. Yadutsa magawo atatu. Poyamba, oumbawo adasinthidwa kuti apangitse matailosi ofiira - mbale zam'madzi zokhala ndi mawonekedwe. Adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe omwe amasenda nkhuni, zomwe zimapangidwa mwamphamvu ndi dongo. (Zoterezi mu Middle Ages zidasinthiratu omangawo mosinthasintha kwa wotanganidwa kwambiri pamwala.) Pambuyo pake, mtundu wina umawoneka kuti "wotchuka". Wosanjikiza "galasi" wapadera "adayikidwa kunja kwa kunja, omwe adapereka zokutira kubiriwira pambuyo powombera, chifukwa chotchedwa kuti dzina lawo ndikukhala ndi dzina (kumbukirani mawu a Epic-Muba"). Koma "nthawi yopambana ya Ufumu wobiriwira" idakhala yochepa kwambiri.
Kale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XVII. Ambuye aku Russia adziwa kupanga miziro (otchedwa otchedwa) matailosi. Tekinoloje ya kupanga yawo yafalikira kwa ife kuthokoza kwa abbot a ku Mivertery pa Valdai Nikonou Nikonou. Anapempha kukongoletsa nyumba za zilonda za A Belarisari omwe anathawa pa rus kuchokera ku Lithuania. Abale achi Slavi adadziwa kuphika "kuthirira", komwe kuwombera kumapereka enaamel a maluwa oyera, amtambo komanso obiriwira, kuyambira pawo kuti ophunzira a ku Russia atenge.
Kuchokera pakati pa miyeso yathu, mbuye wa Stesan "pa dzina la Nick" ayenera kutchuka mwapadera. Amakhulupirira kuti ndi Yemwe adadzakhala Mlengi wa matailosi owoneka bwino, omwe adalandira dzina lapadera: mchira wa peacock.
A Mosch - Makasitomala Okongola
Ku Moscow, kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuthirira mitundu yambiri kumakongoletsa kachisi wa Utatu wa Zachilengedwe . Mbande yomanga yomwe ili m'bwalo lanyumba yosungidwa kwambiri - tchalitchi cha Pokrovsky ku Izmailkov, tchalitchi chakale cha kungoganiza za namwali ... komabe, a Padera kwambiri, osakhala ndi analogi ndiye otchedwa geredit.
Pamapeto pa zaka za XVII. M'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Moscow, pafupi ndi nyumba ya amosuspassky, zovuta za matchalitchi ndi zipinda za mabishopu a Kratytsy adamangidwa. Pafupifupi nyumba zonse zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pano ngati zinthu zokongoletsera, kuthilira, koma imodzi mwa nyumbayo imangoyambira mzerewu. Maostip a olosi amanga pamwamba pa khomo lakutsogolo - zipata zoyera za Teremi, zomwe zili pamwamba-pansi, kuphatikiza ndi zigawo zambiri, zokongoletsera, - yokutidwa ndi matayala olimba a matayala! Palibe chomwe chimafanana nafe, kapena mayiko ena aku Europe omwe simudzakumana nawo.
Kuphatikiza pa woyamba, mizinda yambiri ya ku Russia imadziwika kuti nyumba zosangalatsa, zokongoletsedwa ndi matailosi: Rischan Uschag, zolemera zolemera kwambiri pafupi ndi Moscow. Zomera ndi geometric zokongoletsera, zithunzi za seraphimov (chilengedwe cha zokongoletsera zonsezi zachitika kale mu hybes kale). Kuchuluka kwa zothirira zothirira zothirira zokongoletsera za kachisi wa chiukiriro, bela la belu, Shita wa Panjan Nikon adafunsanso zoopsa za gulu lapadera, zomwe zidapitilira kugwira ntchito ndi zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, atakhala amalemekezedwa kudziko lonse.
Chemistry-Alchemy
Yesetsani kulengedwa kwa matailosi tating'ono pamafunika chidziwitso cha zinsinsi zambiri zaluso. Ngakhale kuchokera ku malingaliro a akatswiri azamankhwala, njirayi ndi yomveka bwino: kapangidwe ka coble Oxideade, mwachitsanzo, akamatenthetsa ena a enamel, pakagwa, oxide . Mchenga uliwonse wowonjezera, digiri iliyonse yowonjezera imatha kusintha mawonekedwe amtunduwu. Ndipo gwero ndi nkhani zokopa za utoto, zomwe amisiri akale adapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, kenako ndikuphwanya peat, komanso chinsinsi cholimba. Kodi ndi miyala iti?
Chizindikiro cha mchere chilengedwe ndichofunikira kwambiri - dongo lomwelo, komwe matepi amawumbidwa. Mwachitsanzo, kapangidwe kake kwa mankhwala ku Central Asia ndi kosiyana kwambiri ndi "Glinka", komwe kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ambuye kudera la ku Russia. Zotsatira zake, zidapezeka kuti: Ngati simupeza zowonjezera, pa "mbale" za dongo, ndibwino kuti muzithirira, ndikupanga mtundu wabuluu wamtambo ndi wamtambo, ndipo dongo lathu lopambana .
Chitofu cha ku Russia, tanga
Ku Russia, kwazaka zambiri, panali mafashoni kuti agwiritse ntchito mbale zamagetsi zamitundu yotsiriza.
Poganizira za Matayala osungidwa a XVII a XVII, mutha kuona mitundu yosiyanasiyana - zifaniziro zamiyendo iwiri, zovala zokongola za Peter ... ". Kale omwe akhala achikhalidwe ku Russia, Maitoliki adauzidwa ndi iye, chifukwa chake Woyera adalamulira: kuyambira tsopano, malinga ndi zisudzo za ku Europe "- ndi nkhope yosalala yokutidwa ndi a Chithunzi chojambulidwa, chopangidwa ndi mtundu wowoneka bwino kwambiri. Kuti akhazikitse kumasulidwa kwa zinthu zoterezi, mfumuyo idalamulanso kuti alumikizane ndi milandu iwiri yomwe idatengedwa panthawi yankhondo. Komabe, zinakhala pang'ono kuchokera ku Scinavians. Tinayenera kutumiza zingapo zongosemphara kuti tisaphunzire ku Holland.
Matupi omwe amakongoletsa galasi la nyumba zambiri zaku Russia za XVIII - koyambirira kwa XVI. Mwina sizabwino, koma zimatha "kuwerenga". Mkulu ndi ma mbale amakona nthawi zambiri amakhala ophimbidwa ndi icing, ndi chithunzi cha "mitundu ya" mitundu yonse ya anthu, mitundu ya nyama ndi mbalame "imawonetsedwa mu buluu. Zomwe sizili pano! Zilembo zabwino: Unicorn, Barin Sinnin, mapiko a Pegasi; Nyama, zomwe zilipo: crane, chimbalangondo, Njovu yapadera ndi mkango; Kuphatikiza apo, mutha kukumana ndi zithunzi: zombo panyanja, nyumba, mapiri ...
Zopangidwa zinali pa "matepu" ndi "umunthu". Pa zojambulajambula za zojambulazo, ojambulawa adalipira mosamala anthu, zifanizo, tsatanetsatane wa zovala ndi zida. Mimba zambiri zimakhala ndi chithunzi cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuchokera m'moyo, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi ndemanga zoseketsa, zanecdotal. Mwachitsanzo, apa, siginecha pansi pa chojambula cha munthu wokhala ndi ndodo yakusodza kuti: "Vaska, Tashchi Soma! "Chifukwa chake sakundikoka!". Panali kufunikira kwakukulu kwa zigawo za zigawo zoperekera anthu akunja. "EthOgraphic" aliyense wotero, wotchulidwa munthu, mbuyeyo adalemba kuti: "Cavaloer Gispansky", "a Amonsian MS", "